CS Fundamentals
460 articles in this topic
SQL SELECT Basics: Syntax, Output, and Runnable Examples
Learn how SELECT shapes a result without changing stored data. Run one small table through column lists, aliases, arithmetic expressions, and DISTINCT.
Updated 16 Sep 20265 min readDBMS
Regular Grammar and Finite Automata Explained: Conversion, Worked Example and Exam Traps
Connect right-linear productions to automaton transitions, carry one grammar through an NFA and a DFA, and learn the mistakes that change the language.
Updated 16 Sep 20266 min read53 viewsTheory of Computation
Instruction Formats and Addressing Modes for GATE: One Cross-Concept COA Problem Solved
Decode one teaching instruction from 0x2E35FFEC, calculate its effective address, read the little-endian value, and trace the result through a five-stage pipeline.
Updated 15 Sep 20266 min readComputer Organization & Architecture
Hazards and Timing in Combinational Circuits: Worked Glitch Analysis and Exam Traps
Learn why correct Boolean logic can still glitch. Trace one static-1 hazard from gate delays to its 2 ns pulse, repair it with a consensus term, and check the timing safely.
Updated 15 Sep 20266 min readDigital Logic
C Programming Mixed-Concept Questions Explained: Arrays, Pointers, Functions and Output Tracing
Learn a four-pass method for tracing C programs that combine arrays, pointer aliases, function calls, static storage and side effects, with a complete worked output trace.
Updated 15 Sep 20266 min readC Programming & Data Structures
TCP/IP Model Explained: Four Layers, Worked Encapsulation and Exam Traps
Learn the four TCP/IP layers through one complete packet journey. The worked example calculates headers, MTU fit, frame efficiency and serialization time step by step.
Updated 15 Sep 20266 min read97 viewsComputer Networks
LR(0) Parser Explained: Bottom-Up Parsing, Item Sets and a Worked Example
Build an LR(0) parser from one augmented grammar, then follow every state, table entry and stack operation until cdd$ is accepted.
Updated 15 Sep 20266 min readCompiler Design
Universal and Existential Quantifiers Explained: Scope, Meaning and Worked Examples
Learn universal and existential quantifiers from zero, then evaluate finite domains, translations, negations and nested formulas with worked examples.
Updated 15 Sep 20266 min read75 viewsEngineering Mathematics
Introduction to Operating System: Concepts, Types and a Worked System Call
Build a practical mental model of an operating system, then follow one read request across modes, process states and exact memory addresses.
Updated 15 Sep 20266 min readOperating Systems
RDBMS Concepts and SQL Basics: A Beginner Tutorial with Examples
Build a three-table college database in SQLite, then use exact rows and queries to understand relations, keys, constraints, joins and data anomalies.
Updated 15 Sep 20266 min readDBMS
P, NP and Polynomial-Time Reducibility: Definitions, Direction and a Worked Example
Separate solving from verification, learn what A <=p B really says, and follow a complete reduction from Vertex Cover to Independent Set on one five-vertex graph.
Updated 15 Sep 20266 min readTheory of Computation
Memory Organisation and Performance: Cache Mapping, AMAT and Worked GATE Examples
Connect cache capacity, address fields and access time through one 32-bit worked system. Then compare mapping choices and solve a past GATE-style field relation.
Updated 14 Sep 20265 min readComputer Organization & Architecture