CS Fundamentals
487 articles in this topic
B+ Trees and Database Indexing: why indexes are fast, with a worked insert
B+ trees and database indexing explained: dense vs sparse, primary clustering and secondary indexes, B-tree vs B+ tree, with a worked B+ tree insert example.
Updated 14 Jul 20265 min read104 viewsDBMS
Process Synchronization and Semaphores: race conditions, Peterson's solution, wait and signal
Process synchronization explained: the race condition, critical-section problem, Peterson's solution, binary and counting semaphores, and a worked trace.
Updated 14 Jul 20266 min read154 viewsOperating Systems
Memory Hierarchy and Virtual Memory: paging, the TLB, and address translation
Memory hierarchy and virtual memory explained: registers to disk, locality, paging, page tables, the TLB, a worked address translation, and access time.
Updated 25 Jul 20265 min read74 viewsOperating Systems
SQL Queries and Joins in DBMS: sublanguages, joins, and GROUP BY worked out
SQL queries and joins in DBMS: DDL DML DCL TCL sublanguages, SELECT and WHERE, inner and outer joins, GROUP BY with HAVING, plus a worked join example.
Updated 14 Jul 20265 min read87 viewsDBMS
Transactions and concurrency control in DBMS: ACID, schedules, serializability
Transactions in DBMS explained: ACID properties, schedules, conflict serializability with a worked precedence graph, two-phase locking, and the exam angle.
Updated 25 Jul 20266 min read72 viewsDBMS
Normalization in DBMS: 1NF to BCNF, with the exam angle
Normalization in DBMS explained: functional dependencies, the exact 1NF, 2NF, 3NF and BCNF rules, a worked decomposition of one relation, and 3NF vs BCNF.
13 Jul 20265 min read50 viewsDBMS
Pipelining in Computer Architecture: the 5-stage pipeline, speedup, and hazards
Pipelining in computer architecture: the 5-stage pipeline, speedup and throughput formulas, CPI, structural, data and control hazards, and forwarding.
Updated 25 Jul 20265 min read67 viewsComputer Organization & Architecture
Turing Machines and Decidability: recursive vs RE, and the halting problem
Turing machines and decidability explained: TM definition and configurations, recursive vs recursively enumerable languages, the halting problem, reductions.
Updated 14 Jul 20266 min readTheory of Computation
Context-Free Grammars and Pushdown Automata: CFGs, PDAs, and a worked example
Context-free grammars and pushdown automata explained: derivations, ambiguity, CNF and GNF, PDA acceptance modes, the pumping lemma, and a worked example.
Updated 29 Jul 20266 min read71 viewsTheory of Computation
Routing Algorithms: distance vector vs link state, with a worked Dijkstra
Routing algorithms explained: routing vs forwarding, distance vector with Bellman-Ford and count-to-infinity, link state with Dijkstra, plus a worked example.
Updated 29 Jul 20266 min read154 viewsComputer Networks
Application Layer Protocols: DNS, HTTP, and email, with a DNS walk-through
Application layer protocols explained: client-server vs P2P, DNS hierarchy and resolution, HTTP methods and status codes, SMTP POP IMAP, and FTP connections.
Updated 14 Jul 20266 min read61 viewsComputer Networks
Cache memory: mapping techniques and hit ratio, with the exam angle
Cache memory explained: the memory hierarchy, locality, direct, associative and set-associative mapping, plus a worked hit-ratio and access-time example.
11 Jul 20266 min read244 viewsComputer Organization & Architecture