ML & Data Science
44 articles in this topic
Alpha-Beta Pruning Explained: Bounds, Cutoffs and a Complete Game-Tree Trace
A complete left-to-right alpha-beta trace shows how MAX and MIN update bounds, where cutoffs happen, and why move ordering changes the work without changing the minimax result.
Updated 17 Sep 20266 min read77 viewsML & Data Science
Unsupervised Learning and Clustering Explained: K-Means Worked Example and Exam Traps
Build intuition for unlabelled data, then follow k-means from assignment to updated centroids and SSE. Compare medoids, hierarchical clustering, DBSCAN and neural representations.
Updated 15 Sep 20265 min readML & Data Science
Fuzzy Arithmetic and Membership Functions: Alpha-Cuts, Worked Examples and Exam Traps
Learn what fuzzy membership grades mean, how alpha-cuts work, and how to calculate exact fuzzy sums, differences, products and quotients without shortcut errors.
Updated 14 Sep 20265 min read57 viewsML & Data Science
Fundamentals of Fuzzy Sets: Membership Functions, Operations and a Worked Example
Learn fuzzy-set notation by carrying two finite sets through support, core, alpha-cuts, cardinality and standard operations. Then verify De Morgan's law and test your method on a transfer exercise.
Updated 13 Sep 20265 min read60 viewsML & Data Science
Uninformed Search Strategies: BFS, DFS, UCS and a Worked Graph
Trace six uninformed search strategies on one graph. See exactly why the shallowest path, the first DFS path and the least-cost path can differ.
Updated 11 Sep 20265 min read123 viewsML & Data Science
Fundamentals of Heuristic Search: A* Worked Example and Exam Traps
Learn why Greedy Best-First and A* make different choices, then trace both on one weighted graph and check heuristic properties and common traps.
Updated 10 Sep 20265 min read61 viewsML & Data Science
Best-First Search Explained: Greedy Heuristics, a Worked Graph and Exam Traps
Trace greedy best-first search on one weighted graph, price its returned path, test the heuristic, and compare the result with uniform-cost search, A* and BFS.
Updated 8 Sep 20266 min readML & Data Science
AO* and Branch-Based Search: Step-by-Step Worked Examples
Trace an AO* solution graph and a branch-and-bound search by hand. The examples show exactly when values change, branches switch and pruning becomes safe.
Updated 7 Sep 20266 min readML & Data Science
Minimax Search Algorithm: Two Worked Game Trees, an Alpha-Beta Trace and Exam Traps
Learn minimax from one fixed payoff perspective, then work through a full game tree, a cutoff example, and the exact alpha-beta cutoffs for a left-to-right visit.
Updated 5 Sep 20266 min read59 viewsML & Data Science
Genetic Operators: Crossover and Mutation with Worked Examples and Exam Traps
Trace binary crossover and bit-flip mutation step by step, then see how order crossover and swap mutation keep a route permutation valid.
Updated 4 Sep 20265 min readML & Data Science
Fuzzy Systems and Inference Models: Membership Functions, Mamdani vs Sugeno, and a Worked Example
Learn how a fuzzy inference system turns crisp inputs into one useful output. Compare Mamdani, Sugeno, and Tsukamoto, then calculate a four-rule fan controller step by step.
Updated 2 Sep 20265 min read123 viewsML & Data Science
Fuzzy Relations and Composition: Max-Min Concepts and a Worked Example
Learn how to read a fuzzy relation, form its inverse and alpha-cuts, and compute max-min composition cell by cell. The same matrices reveal common operator and transitivity traps.
Updated 31 Aug 20265 min readML & Data Science