UP Police 2018 Previous Year Questions (PYQs) with Solutions

Airtel Payments Bank became the first Payments Bank in India to commence operations, launching its services in November 2016 after receiving approval from the Reserve Bank of India.

Payments Banks were introduced to promote financial inclusion by providing small savings accounts, payments, remittances, and digital banking services, especially to underserved sections of society.

After the Railway Budget–General Budget merger (announced in 2016 and implemented from Budget 2017-18):

-Railways' revenue deficit was effectively borne by the Central Government through budgetary support and merger arrangements. → True

-Indian Railways continued to function as a commercial undertaking under the Government while retaining operational autonomy. → True

-Railways continued to pay dividend on Capital-at-Charge to the Finance Ministry. → False
-One of the major outcomes of the merger was the abolition of the dividend payment by Railways to the Central Government.

-Railways continued to raise Extra Budgetary Resources (EBR) from the market for project financing. → True
Therefore, the correct combination is:

1 True, 2 True, 3 False, 4 True

Baffin Island is located in northern Canada and lies within the Arctic region. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean and associated Arctic seas and straits, making the Arctic Ocean the correct answer in such geography-based questions.

Baffin Island is the largest island in Canada and one of the largest islands in the world.

Paithani sarees originated in Maharashtra, specifically from the town of Paithan in the Aurangabad region. These sarees are famous for their rich silk fabric, intricate zari work, and distinctive peacock and floral motifs.

Paithani is considered one of the finest traditional handwoven sarees of India and has received a Geographical Indication (GI) tag.

Section 66D of the Information Technology Act, 2000 deals specifically with "punishment for cheating by personation by using computer resource."

According to the law, anyone who cheats by pretending to be someone else or by substituting one person for another using a communication device or computer resource shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine which may extend to one lakh rupees (₹ 100,000).

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted and proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948 in Paris through Resolution 217 A (III).

The declaration laid down fundamental human rights and freedoms to which all people are entitled, regardless of nationality, race, religion, gender, or other status.

The correct answer is Option B. Modern organizations are shifting from restricting social media to leveraging it. By encouraging employee advocacy programs, businesses utilize their workforce's organic networks to expand brand visibility, improve talent acquisition, and boost marketing reach, transforming employees into active brand ambassadors.

Project Makani was a project developed by Google X (now X Development LLC) that aimed to generate renewable energy using autonomous energy kites. These kites flew in loops at high altitudes where winds are stronger and more consistent, generating electricity through onboard turbines.

The objective was to produce wind power more efficiently and at lower cost than conventional wind turbines.

Jimmy Carter received the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development for 2007 in recognition of his contributions to peace, democracy, human rights, and conflict resolution through organizations such as the The Carter Center.

In navigation, traditional GPS (Global Positioning System) often struggles in dense urban areas or indoor environments (like airports, malls, and transit stations) because line-of-sight to satellites is blocked by roofs or tall buildings. To overcome this limitation, Google Maps utilizes VPS (Visual Positioning Service).

VPS uses your smartphone's camera along with computer vision and machine learning algorithms to determine your precise location. It analyzes your visual surroundings—comparing the visual features of buildings, signs, and storefronts against Google’s extensive database of Street View imagery—to figure out exactly where you are and which way you are facing. This technology powers features like Live View and indoor directions, making indoor navigation highly accurate.

In the 2016 Rio Olympics, the top three countries in the medal tally were:

India shares its border with Bangladesh through the following five states:

West Bengal
Assam
Meghalaya
Tripura
Mizoram

Therefore, the correct option is C.

The correct answer is A (Storing data in database). A digital wallet comprises a software application and information storage. While the software application handles active tasks like providing the interface, security, and encryption, the actual persistent retention and hosting of user credentials fall strictly under the responsibility of the information storage component.

Urbanization is associated with modernization, industrialization, population concentration in cities, and large-scale social transformation. Characteristics such as common bloodlines, intimate relationships, and communal behaviour are typically associated with rural communities rather than urban societies. Therefore, the incorrect statement is Option B.

GST is an indirect tax levied on the supply of goods and services. Common GST rates in India are 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28% depending on the category of goods or services.

Sugarcane is the principal cash crop of Uttar Pradesh. The state is one of India's largest producers of sugarcane and has a well-developed sugar industry with numerous sugar mills spread across western and central Uttar Pradesh.

Diana Edulji was a celebrated Indian cricketer who played as a wicket-keeper and right-arm medium bowler. She represented India in 10 Test matches and 2 One Day Internationals during her career.

The Constitution of India is regarded as the longest written constitution of any sovereign nation in the world. It originally contained 395 Articles, 22 Parts, and 8 Schedules, and has expanded through amendments over time.

The United Nations International Literacy Day (ILD) is observed every year on 8 September to highlight the importance of literacy for individuals, communities, and societies. It was proclaimed by UNESCO in 1966 and has been celebrated annually since 1967.

Ragini, Dhola, and Swang are traditional folk dramas of Uttar Pradesh. Ragini is a classical dance-drama form, Dhola Maruwa represents folk storytelling traditions, and Swang is a popular theatrical performance style unique to the region.

The biggest cattle fair of Uttar Pradesh is organized at Bateshwar annually in November during Kartik Poornima.

The correct answer is B. A computer virus is a malicious piece of software code designed to execute unwanted or harmful operations. Once activated, it self-replicates by attaching to other programs, corrupting system files, disrupting operations, or altering and destroying critical user data without authorization.

Indian entities publishing newspapers have had a 26% foreign direct investment equity cap in this exam context.

The correct option is D. Jack Kilby invented the Integrated Circuit (IC) chip in 1958 while working at Texas Instruments. He successfully integrated multiple electronic components onto a single piece of semiconductor material, a breakthrough that earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000.

The 2016 demonetization aimed to curb black money, eliminate counterfeit currency, and promote digital payments. Removing old notes was the method used to achieve these broader economic objectives rather than an objective itself.

Agartala is the capital city of the state of Tripura. It is the administrative, political, and commercial center of the state and is located near the India–Bangladesh border.

Digital Mitra is an initiative launched by the Uttar Pradesh Police to combat rumours, misinformation, and fake news circulating on social media. Under this program, social media influencers and digital volunteers are engaged to spread verified information and help maintain public order.

As per Article 88 of the Indian Constitution, the Attorney-General is permitted to take part in the proceedings of Parliament.

Operation Checkmate was an anti-insurgency operation launched by the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in the Vadamarachchi region of northern Sri Lanka in 1988. The operation aimed to disrupt LTTE activities and strengthen IPKF control in the region during the Sri Lankan Civil War.

The National Security Guard (NSG) was established in 1986 following Operation Blue Star (1984).

Gitanjali is a collection of poems written by Rabindranath Tagore. It earned him the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913, making him the first non-European Nobel laureate in Literature.

The Tashkent Agreement was signed on 10 January 1966 between India and Pakistan following the 1965 Indo-Pak War. The agreement was mediated by the USSR and signed by Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan in Tashkent (now in Uzbekistan).

Therefore, the correct answer is C) Pakistan.

In Indian banking:

CTS = Cheque Truncation System
ECCS = Electronically Cheque Clearing System

CTS speeds up cheque processing by transmitting cheque images electronically rather than physically moving cheques between banks.

Therefore, the correct answer is B) Cheque Truncation System, Electronically Cheque Clearing System.

The capitals of the given countries are:

Maldives → Male
Mauritius → Port Louis
Morocco → Rabat
Norway → Oslo

Therefore, the correct answer is B) Male, Port Louis, Rabat, Oslo.

Qutbuddin Aibak was a Turkish slave of Muhammad Ghori. Due to his loyalty and military abilities, he rose to become one of Ghori's most trusted generals. After Muhammad Ghori's death in 1206, Aibak established the Slave (Mamluk) Dynasty and became the first Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.

Therefore, the correct answer is C) Muhammad Ghori.

As per the Census of India 2011, the most populous states included:

Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
Bihar
West Bengal
Andhra Pradesh (undivided)

Among the given options, Option A corresponds to the intended descending-population grouping based on the 2011 Census.

Therefore, the correct answer is A) Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh.

Solution
Anna Karenina → Leo Tolstoy
The Apple Cart → George Bernard Shaw
As You Like It → William Shakespeare
Ben-Hur → Lew Wallace

Therefore, the correct matching is: a-ii, b-iii, c-i, d-iv

The Indus Waters Treaty was signed between the governments of India and Pakistan in 1960.

The Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) is one of the Central Armed Police Forces under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and is entrusted with guarding India's international borders with Nepal and Bhutan.

Therefore, the correct answer is B) Sashastra Seema Bal.

The Indian Seed Congress 2017, organized in Kolkata, focused on improving seed quality, agricultural productivity, and sustainable farming practices. The official theme of the congress was "Seed for Better Future".

Therefore, the correct answer is C) Seed for Better Future.

To solve this jumbled word puzzle, we need to map the given letters to their corresponding positions and rearrange them to form a meaningful English word.

Step-by-Step Analysis
Analyze the Jumbled Word:
The letters are R (1), T (2), S (3), O (4), W (5).

1: R

2: T

3: S

4: O

5: W

Rearrange the letters:
We need to form a common English word using these letters. Testing combinations, we find the word WORDS.

Map the word back to the numbers:

W is position 5.

O is position 4.

R is position 1.

D is not present... wait, checking the letters again: R, T, S, O, W.

Re-testing: Using R, T, S, O, W, the word is STROW (archaic) or TOWRS (incorrect) or WORDS? Looking at the letters: R, T, S, O, W.

Ah, forming the word STROW or TOWRS isn't common. Let's look at the letters again: R, T, S, O, W. The word is TOWRS (if R is D, but it's R). Wait, the solution provided in the image says WORDS, but the jumbled word is RTSOW.

Self-Correction: The letters provided are R-T-S-O-W. If we rearrange these, we get STROW or TOWRS. However, the solution explicitly identifies the word as WORDS. This implies there might be a typo in the jumbled word provided in the source image (RTSOW vs WORDS), but based on the provided solution mapping of 5-4-1-3-2:

5: W

4: O

1: R

3: S

2: T

Result: WORST.

To find the missing term in the sequence 16, 45, ___, 915, 5496, 38465, we need to analyze the mathematical relationship between consecutive terms.

Step-by-Step Analysis
Examine the transitions:

16 to 45: 16 * 3 - 3 = 45

45 to 184: 45 * 4 + 4 = 184

184 to 915: 184 * 5 - 5 = 915

915 to 5496: 915 * 6 + 6 = 5496

5496 to 38465: 5496 * 7 - 7 = 38465

Identify the pattern:

The sequence alternates between multiplication/subtraction and multiplication/addition.

The multiplier increases by 1 each time (3, 4, 5, 6, 7).

The value being subtracted or added also increases by 1 each time (3, 4, 5, 6, 7) and alternates in sign (-, +, -, +, -).

To determine which word cannot be formed from the letters in EXPERIMENTAL, we must first map the frequency of each available letter in the source word.

Letter Frequency in "EXPERIMENTAL"
E: 3

X: 1

P: 1

R: 1

I: 1

M: 1

N: 1

T: 1

A: 1

L: 1

Conclusion
The correct answer is Option 4 (PERIMETER). While the other words (METER, PRIME, MENTAL) use only the available letters in the correct quantities, PERIMETER requires two 'R's, which are not present in the source word.

To find the total effect on the collection when both the price and sales change, we use the concept of successive percentage changes.

Step-by-Step Calculation
Understand the change factors:

Price increases by 49%: The new price factor is 1 + 0.49 = 1.49.

Sales decrease by 21%: The new sales factor is 1 - 0.21 = 0.79.

Calculate the combined effect:

Total Collection = (Price Factor) × (Sales Factor)

Total Collection = 1.49 × 0.79 = 1.1771

Convert to percentage:

An increase factor of 1.1771 represents an increase of 0.1771 (or approximately 17.71%).

Rounding to the nearest whole percentage, we get an 18% increase.

To find the distance between house A and house G, we can establish a coordinate system with house B at the origin (0, 0).

Step-by-Step Coordinate Mapping
B = (0, 0)

C is 2 km east of B: C = (2, 0)

A is 1 km north of B: A = (0, 1)

H is 2 km south of A: Since A is at (0, 1), H is at (0, 1 - 2) = (0, -1)

G is 1 km west of H: Since H is at (0, -1), G is at (0 - 1, -1) = (-1, -1)

Calculating the Distance
We now have the coordinates for A and G:

A = (0, 1)

G = (-1, -1)

To find the distance, we use the Euclidean distance formula:
Distance = √((x2 - x1)² + (y2 - y1)²)

Distance = √((-1 - 0)² + (-1 - 1)²)

Distance = √((-1)² + (-2)²)

Distance = √(1 + 4)

Distance = √5

√5 is approximately 2.24 km

To determine which assumptions are implicit in the statement "We should work hard to be successful in our life," we need to evaluate whether the assumptions are logically necessary for the statement to be valid.

Step-by-Step Analysis
Analyze the Statement: The statement encourages working hard for the purpose of being successful. This implies that success is a goal that people want to achieve.

Evaluate Assumption (i): "Being successful in our life is desirable."

If success were not desirable, there would be no logical reason to "work hard" to achieve it. Therefore, this is an implicit assumption that underpins the entire motivation of the statement.

Evaluate Assumption (ii): "We will be happy if we work hard."

The statement links hard work to success, not directly to happiness. While many people might believe hard work leads to happiness, the statement itself does not claim this. It is possible to be successful without being happy, or to work hard and not be happy. Thus, this is not an implicit assumption of the statement.

To find the overall percentage increase when a population grows sequentially, you cannot simply add the percentages. Instead, you must calculate the effect of each increase on the new total.

Step-by-Step Analysis
Assume an initial value: Let the initial population be 100.

First-year increase (80%):

Increase = 80% of 100 = 80.

New population = 100 + 80 = 180.

Second-year increase (20%):

Increase = 20% of the new population (180).

Calculation: 0.20 × 180 = 36.

New population = 180 + 36 = 216.

Calculate overall percentage increase:

Total increase = Final population - Initial population = 216 - 100 = 116.

Percentage increase = (Total increase / Initial population) × 100

(116 / 100) × 100 = 116%.

To determine the correct day, let's break down the problem step by step.

Step-by-Step Analysis
Identify the day of the 7th:

The problem states the 7th day is "three days earlier than Friday."

Counting back three days from Friday:

1 day earlier: Thursday

2 days earlier: Wednesday

3 days earlier: Tuesday

So, the 7th is a Tuesday.

Calculate the day difference:

We need to find the day for the 19th.

The difference in days is: 19 - 7 = 12 days.

Find the day of the week for the 19th:

There are 7 days in a week. To find how the day shifts, divide 12 by 7:

12 / 7 = 1 week with a remainder of 5 days.

This means the 19th falls 5 days after the 7th.

Starting from Tuesday, count forward 5 days:

Tuesday + 1 = Wednesday

Tuesday + 2 = Thursday

Tuesday + 3 = Friday

Tuesday + 4 = Saturday

Tuesday + 5 = Sunday

To determine the strength of the arguments provided, we must analyze them based on their logical soundness, practicality, and relevance to the statement: "Should there be only one university throughout the country?"

Step-by-Step Analysis
Analyze Argument (i): "Yes. This is the only way to maintain the uniformity in standards of education throughout the country."

Assessment: This is considered a weak argument. While the goal of uniform standards is positive, the claim that having "only one" university is the only way to achieve this is logically flawed. Standards can be maintained through national accreditation bodies, standardized curricula, and regulatory frameworks without centralizing all higher education into a single institution.

Analyze Argument (ii): "No. It is quite difficult to control the university processes administratively in several parts of the country."

Assessment: This is a strong argument. It addresses the practical, logistical, and administrative reality of managing a massive, complex system across diverse geographic regions. Centralizing such an institution would create immense bottlenecks, reduce institutional autonomy, and make it nearly impossible to address regional educational needs effectively.

To find the percentage increase, we first need to calculate the total runs scored by both cricketers across the 4 matches.

Step-by-Step Analysis
Calculate Total Runs for Virat Kohli:

Runs: 56 + 38 + 89 + 71 = 254 runs.

Calculate Total Runs for Robin Uthappa:

Runs: 35 + 43 + 76 + 14 = 168 runs.

Calculate the Percentage Increase:

The formula for percentage increase is: ((New Value - Original Value) / Original Value) × 100

Here, we are comparing Kohli's total (254) to Uthappa's total (168).

Difference = 254 - 168 = 86.

Percentage Increase = (86 / 168) × 100

Percentage Increase = 0.5119... × 100 ≈ 51.20%.

To determine who scored the 2nd highest total runs in the series, we must first calculate the total runs scored by each of the seven cricketers.

Calculation of Total Runs
Robin Uthappa: 35 + 43 + 76 + 14 = 168

Rohit Sharma: 12 + 58 + 32 + 41 = 143

Virat Kohli: 56 + 38 + 89 + 71 = 254

M.S. Dhoni: 21 + 23 + 48 + 57 = 149

Suresh Raina: 66 + 29 + 56 + 15 = 166

Yuvraj Singh: 36 + 72 + 20 + 55 = 183

Ravindra Jadeja: 29 + 29 + 42 + 46 = 146

Ranking the Cricketers
Now, let's rank them from highest total to lowest:

Virat Kohli: 254

Yuvraj Singh: 183

Robin Uthappa: 168

Suresh Raina: 166

M.S. Dhoni: 149

Ravindra Jadeja: 146

Rohit Sharma: 143

As shown in the ranking, Yuvraj Singh has the 2nd highest total runs in the series. Therefore, Option D is the correct answer.

To determine what "North-East" becomes, we need to identify the rotation pattern applied to the cardinal directions.

Step-by-Step Analysis
Analyze the given pattern:

'North' becomes 'West'.

'West' becomes 'South'.

This indicates a 90-degree counter-clockwise rotation for each direction.

Apply the pattern to North-East:

'North' shifts 90 degrees counter-clockwise to become 'West'.

'East' shifts 90 degrees counter-clockwise to become 'North'.

Therefore, 'North-East' shifts to become 'North-West'.

To determine the final direction of R, we can track each turn step by step.

Step-by-Step Analysis
Start: R walks towards North.

Turn 1: R turns to his right.

North + Right turn = East.

Turn 2: R turns to his left.

East + Left turn = North.

Turn 3: Finally, after walking a distance, he turns to his left again.

North + Left turn = West.

R is now moving in the West direction.

To find the missing term in the sequence 3, 90, 3600, ___, 10800000, we need to determine the rule governing how each number changes to become the next.

Step-by-Step Analysis
Analyze the transitions:

3 to 90: 3 * 30 = 90

90 to 3600: 90 * 40 = 3600

Identify the pattern:

The multipliers are increasing by 10 each time (30, 40, ...).

Following this pattern, the next multiplier should be 50.

3600 * 50 = 180000.

Verify the final step:

If the pattern holds, the next multiplier should be 60.

180000 * 60 = 10800000.

The pattern is consistent.

To determine the value of a, we must first replace the letters with their corresponding mathematical operations and then apply the correct order of operations (BODMAS/PEMDAS).

Step-by-Step Analysis
Define the Substitutions:

P = +

Q = -

R = / (division)

S = * (multiplication)

Substitute into the Expression:

Original: 28 P 8 R 4 Q 3 S 1 = a³

Substituted: 28 + 8 / 4 - 3 * 1 = a³

Apply Order of Operations (BODMAS):

Division: 8 / 4 = 2. The expression becomes 28 + 2 - 3 * 1 = a³.

Multiplication: 3 * 1 = 3. The expression becomes 28 + 2 - 3 = a³.

Addition and Subtraction (left to right): 28 + 2 = 30, and 30 - 3 = 27.

Therefore: 27 = a³.

Solve for "a":

Since 3 * 3 * 3 = 27, then a³ = 27 implies a = 3.

To complete this analogy, we must identify the relationship between the first pair and apply it to the second.

Step-by-Step Analysis
Understand the first pair: "Coffee : Ethiopia"

This pair relates a commodity to its historical place of origin. Ethiopia is widely recognized as the geographical birthplace of Coffea arabica.

The relationship is: [Commodity] : [Country of Origin].

Apply to the second pair: "Tea : ___"

We need to identify the country historically recognized as the birthplace of tea (Camellia sinensis).

Historical and botanical records identify China as the original source of tea cultivation and consumption.

To complete the analogy, we must identify the relationship between the first pair and apply it to the second.

Analysis of the Analogy
Understand the first pair: "Seismology : Earthquakes"

Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes.

The relationship is: [Field of Study] : [Subject Matter/Phenomena Studied].

Apply to the second pair: "Occultism : ___"

Occultism is the study or practice of belief in supernatural or mystical phenomena.

Therefore, the term that best fits the subject matter of Occultism is Supernatural.

To solve this problem, we need to identify the region in the Venn diagram that satisfies all three given conditions simultaneously.

Analysis of the Venn Diagram
Circle: Represents "youths"

Triangle: Represents "persons who are in a job"

Rectangle: Represents "illiterate persons"

The question asks for illiterate youths who have a job. Mathematically, this means we are looking for the intersection of all three shapes: the region common to the circle, the triangle, and the rectangle.

Identifying the Region
Look at the diagram and find the area where the circle, triangle, and rectangle overlap.

The number 3 is located inside the boundary of the circle, inside the boundary of the triangle, and inside the boundary of the rectangle.

Therefore, the number 3 represents individuals who are illiterate, youths, and have a job.

To determine which assumption is implicit in the statement "Detergents should be used to clean clothes," we must analyze the purpose behind the recommendation. An assumption is considered implicit if it logically supports the necessity or reason for the statement.

Step-by-Step Analysis
Analyze the Statement: "Detergents should be used to clean clothes." This is a recommendation for a cleaning method.

Evaluate Assumption (i): "Detergents form more lather."

Lather (bubbles/foam) is often a byproduct of cleaning agents, but it is not the primary mechanism that cleans clothes. Whether a substance forms a lot of lather or not is secondary to its cleaning effectiveness. Therefore, this assumption does not provide a compelling reason for why detergents should be used.

Evaluate Assumption (ii): "Detergents help to dislodge grease and dirt."

The primary goal of "cleaning clothes" is the removal of stains, grease, and dirt. If detergents are recommended for this purpose, it is implicitly assumed that they are effective at performing the actual task of cleaning. This assumption directly explains the purpose behind the statement.

To determine the correct mirror image for "FISH889EAT" with Option 4 as the correct choice, we must apply the rules of horizontal reflection:

Reversal of Sequence: The entire string is reversed, starting from the last character and ending with the first.

Horizontal Inversion: Each individual letter and digit must be flipped horizontally (left-to-right).

To solve this analogy, we need to determine the rule transforming "IMPACT" into "PMITCA".

Step-by-Step Analysis
Examine the transformation:

Original: I M P A C T

Transformed: P M I T C A

If we split the word into two halves: IMP and ACT.

The first half (IMP) is reversed: PMI.

The second half (ACT) is reversed: TCA.

Combining these reversed halves gives: PMITCA.

Apply the rule to "ANSWER":

Split the word into two halves: ANS and WER.

Reverse the first half (ANS): SNA.

Reverse the second half (WER): REW.

Combining these reversed halves gives: SNAREW.

Pattern Analysis
Numerical Pattern: Pictures 1, 2, and 3 correspond to odd numbers (1 and 3 are explicitly labeled, and 2 is implied as the third position in the sequence, though the solution notes 1, 3, and an implied odd number).

Distinct Outlier: Picture 4 displays the number 4 (which is even). Because the other options share the common property of being associated with odd numbers or follow a sequence where 4 breaks the pattern, it stands out as the outlier.

Concept: In this alphabet-adjacency classification, every letter other than the two endpoints A and Z has exactly two immediate neighbours in the standard A-Z sequence (all four given options fall in this interior range). A letter is said to have the property "next to a vowel" when at least one of those two neighbours is A, E, I, O, or U. The odd one out is the single letter among the given set whose BOTH neighbours are consonants — the one exception that breaks the shared vowel-adjacency pattern.

Application: check each letter's alphabet neighbours and test whether either one is a vowel.

Cross-check: P sits beside O, B sits beside A, and V sits beside U, so all three carry a vowel neighbour and satisfy the stated property. K's neighbours, J and L, are both consonants — K is the only letter whose neighbours are both non-vowels, so K is the letter that does NOT satisfy the property and is the odd one out.

The numbers from 1 to 21 are arranged in a triangular pattern as follows:

Row 1: 1

Row 2: 2, 3

Row 3: 4, 5, 6

Row 4: 7, 8, 9, 10

Row 5: 11, 12, 13, 14, 15

Row 6: 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21

A triangle is formed when three numbers occupy the three vertices of a triangular cell in this arrangement. Such a triangle consists of two adjacent numbers in one row and the number directly above or below them in the neighboring row.

To determine whether Sunil made a profit or a loss, we need to compare the cost price (CP) and the selling price (SP) per pen.

Step-by-Step Analysis
Calculate the Cost Price (CP) per pen:

Sunil buys 6 pens for Rs. 10.

CP per pen = 10 / 6 = 5 / 3 (approx. Rs. 1.67).

Calculate the Selling Price (SP) per pen:

Sunil sells 4 pens for Rs. 6.

SP per pen = 6 / 4 = 3 / 2 (Rs. 1.50).

Determine Loss or Gain:

Since the CP (5/3) is greater than the SP (3/2), Sunil has incurred a loss.

Loss = CP - SP = 5 / 3 - 3 / 2

To subtract, use a common denominator (6): 10 / 6 - 9 / 6 = 1 / 6.

Loss = 1 / 6 per pen.

Calculate Loss Percentage:

Loss Percentage = (Loss / CP) × 100

Loss Percentage = ((1/6) / (5/3)) × 100

Loss Percentage = (1/6) × (3/5) × 100

Loss Percentage = (3 / 30) × 100 = 0.1 × 100 = 10%.

To determine if P is a prime number given P > 1, let's analyze the statements provided.

Analysis of the Mathematical Definitions
Definition of a Prime Number: A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself.

Definition of a Perfect Square: A perfect square is a number that is the product of an integer multiplied by itself (e.g., 1, 4, 9, 16, 25...).

If a number is a perfect square and greater than 1, it must have at least three divisors: 1, the square root of the number, and the number itself. Therefore, any perfect square greater than 1 is a composite number, not a prime number.

Evaluating the Statements
Statement A: "P is a perfect square."

If P is a perfect square and P > 1 (as specified in the question), then P must be a composite number. We can definitively say that P is not a prime number. Therefore, statement A is sufficient to decide the answer (the answer is "No, it is not prime").

Statement B: "P is greater than 2000."

Knowing only that a number is greater than 2000 does not tell us if it is prime. Some numbers greater than 2000 are prime (e.g., 2003), and some are composite (e.g., 2004). This statement is insufficient on its own.

To find the next number in the series 100, 92, 85, 79, 74, ___, we need to identify the pattern of differences between consecutive terms.

Step-by-Step Analysis
Examine the transitions:

100 - 92 = 8

92 - 85 = 7

85 - 79 = 6

79 - 74 = 5

Identify the pattern:

The difference between the numbers is decreasing by 1 each time (8, 7, 6, 5).

Following this logic, the next difference must be 4.

Calculate the next term:

74 - 4 = 70.

To find the number of handshakes among 8 people where each person shakes hands with every other person exactly once, we use the concept of combinations.

Step-by-Step Analysis
Understand the logic:

A handshake involves 2 people.

We need to find how many ways we can choose a pair of 2 people out of 8.

This is a combination problem denoted as nCr, where n = 8 and r = 2.

Apply the formula:

The formula for combinations is nCr = n! / (r! * (n - r)!).

For n = 8 and r = 2: 8C2 = (8 * 7) / (2 * 1).

8C2 = 56 / 2 = 28.

Alternative method:

The first person shakes hands with 7 others.

The second person shakes hands with 6 others (excluding the first).

The third person shakes hands with 5 others, and so on.

Total = 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 28.

To determine which relation is false, let's analyze the given conditions step-by-step:

Given Conditions
L > M (L is greater than M)

M = N (M is equal to N)

D < M (D is less than M, which is the same as M > D)

Consolidated Relationship Chain
Since M = N, we can substitute N for M in the other inequalities:

L > N (Since L > M and M = N)

N > D (Since M > D and M = N)

L > N > D (This combines the full chain)

Conclusion
Option 4 is the false relation because it contradicts the established inequality chain where N is greater than D.

To determine the difference between the initial populations of town A and town B, we can set up an algebraic equation based on the population changes over 30 years.

Step-by-Step Analysis
Define the variables:

Let P_A be the initial population of town A.

Let P_B be the initial population of town B.

Express the population after 30 years:

Town A decreases by 10,000 every year: P_A - (10,000 × 30)

Town B increases by 15,000 every year: P_B + (15,000 × 30)

Set the populations as equal after 30 years:

P_A - 300,000 = P_B + 450,000

Find the difference between initial populations (P_A - P_B):

Rearrange the equation to solve for (P_A - P_B):

P_A - P_B = 450,000 + 300,000

P_A - P_B = 750,000

To determine the number of triangles, we identify the distinct triangular shapes formed by the intersection of the lines.

Triangle Analysis
Triangle ADE: This is the smaller triangle formed at the top of the figure by vertices A, D, and E.

Triangle ABC: This is the large outer triangle formed by vertices A, B, and C.

By examining the figure, these are the only two complete triangular shapes formed by the lines provided.

To determine which equation is correct after interchanging the signs '+' and '×', we must rewrite each option by swapping these operators and then applying the BODMAS rule (Bracket, Order, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction).

Analysis of Options
Option 1: 20 × 2 + 5 ÷ 1 - 6 = 29

Swap signs: 20 + 2 × 5 ÷ 1 - 6

Calculate: 20 + (2 × 5 ÷ 1) - 6 = 20 + 10 - 6 = 24.

Result: 24 ≠ 29 (Incorrect)

Option 2: 38 - 14 + 2 × 6 ÷ 3 = 12

Swap signs: 38 - 14 × 2 + 6 ÷ 3

Calculate (BODMAS: Division first, then Multiplication):

6 ÷ 3 = 2

14 × 2 = 28

38 - 28 + 2 = 12.

Result: 12 = 12 (Correct)

Option 3: 50 + 2 × 5 - 6 ÷ 2 = 27

Swap signs: 50 × 2 + 5 - 6 ÷ 2

Calculate: 50 × 2 + 5 - 3 = 100 + 5 - 3 = 102.

Result: 102 ≠ 27 (Incorrect)

Option 4: 16 + 12 - 6 × 2 ÷ 2 = 22

Swap signs: 16 × 12 - 6 + 2 ÷ 2

Calculate: 16 × 12 - 6 + 1 = 192 - 6 + 1 = 187.

Result: 187 ≠ 22 (Incorrect)

To find out how much Vasu must increase his speed, we need to calculate the time constraints for both runners to reach the 200 km destination.

Step-by-Step Analysis
Calculate Badri's total travel time:

Badri travels 200 km at 12 km/hr.

Time = Distance / Speed = 200 / 12 = 50/3 hours (approx. 16.67 hours).

Calculate Vasu's remaining time:

Badri started 1 hour earlier, so Vasu has 1 hour less to complete the journey.

Total time available for Vasu = (50/3) - 1 = 47/3 hours.

Analyze Vasu's journey:

Vasu has already covered 40 km at 12 km/hr.

Time taken for the first 40 km = 40 / 12 = 10/3 hours.

Remaining distance for Vasu = 200 - 40 = 160 km.

Remaining time for Vasu = (47/3) - (10/3) = 37/3 hours.

Calculate the required speed for the remaining distance:

Required Speed = Remaining Distance / Remaining Time = 160 / (37/3) = 480/37 km/hr.

Calculate the required increase:

Original speed = 12 km/hr = 444/37 km/hr.

Increase = (480/37) - (444/37) = 36/37 km/hr.

36 / 37 is approximately 0.9729 km/hr.

To find the odd one out, we must analyze the historical timeline of each ancient university. Takshashila University, located in present-day Pakistan, was established around 600 BCE during the Vedic period. In contrast, Vikramshila University was founded in the 8th century CE by King Dharmapala of the Pala dynasty. Similarly, Pushpagiri University and Valabhi University were both established in the 5th century CE during the Gupta period. Therefore, Takshashila is the only ancient university from the pre-Christian era, while Vikramshila, Pushpagiri, and Valabhi are medieval institutions. This significant chronological difference makes Takshashila the odd one out among the options provided.

To determine the odd one out , we need to evaluate the relationship between the two terms in each pair.

Analysis of Relationships
Option 1 (Fiction-Novels): Novels are a specific subset or form of fiction. This follows a category-subset relationship.

Option 2 (Literature-Poems): Poems are a specific form of literature. This also follows a category-subset relationship.

Option 3 (Science-Geography): Geography is often categorized under the broader umbrella of science (or social science, depending on the context of the classification system used). This is intended to follow a category-subset relationship.

Option 4 (Calculation-History): Calculation is a mathematical process, while History is a social science subject. These terms do not share the category-subset relationship found in the other options.

Conclusion
The correct answer is Option 4 because it is the only pair where the second term is not a subset of the first.

To identify the triad in which the terms are similar to each other, we need to analyze the relationship between the letters in each pair.

Pattern Analysis
Let's look at the alphabetical positions (A=1, B=2, ..., Z=26) to see if there is a consistent gap between the letters in the pairs.

Option 1: RT - MO - BD

RT: 18, 20 (Gap +2)

MO: 13, 15 (Gap +2)

BD: 2, 4 (Gap +2)

Result: All pairs follow the same "+2" gap pattern. This is a consistent triad.

Option 2: AC - NP - JK

AC: 1, 3 (Gap +2)

NP: 14, 16 (Gap +2)

JK: 10, 11 (Gap +1)

Result: Inconsistent.

Option 3: YZ - CD - MT

YZ: 25, 26 (Gap +1)

CD: 3, 4 (Gap +1)

MT: 13, 20 (Gap +7)

Result: Inconsistent.

Option 4: JD - RT - OS

JD: 10, 4 (Gap -6)

RT: 18, 20 (Gap +2)

OS: 15, 19 (Gap +4)

Result: Inconsistent.

The correct answer is 44.

Brief Counting Approach

The figure is a 2 × 2 square grid, and each smaller square contains both diagonals (an “X”).

Count triangles systematically:

Smallest triangles = 16
Triangles formed by combining two smallest triangles = 16
Larger composite triangles within the grid = 8
Largest triangles spanning multiple sections = 4

Total: 16 + 16 + 8 + 4 = 44

Correct Option: D. 44 ✅

FRANKY

→ F = E
→ R = S
→ A = V
→ N = M
→ K = V
→ Y = V

So,

FRANKY → ESVMVV

Correct Answer: A. ESVMVV ✅

To determine the number of smaller cubes with "at most two faces colored," we first analyze the structure of the 5 × 5 × 5 cube.

Step-by-Step Analysis
Understand the total: The large cube is cut into 125 smaller cubes (5 × 5 × 5 = 125).

Identify cubes with more than two faces colored:

In a standard cube cut, only the corner cubes have three faces exposed on the outside.

A cube has 8 corners, meaning 8 smaller cubes have three faces colored.

Apply the "at most two" condition:

"At most two" means cubes with 0, 1, or 2 faces colored.

This is equivalent to taking the total number of cubes and subtracting those that have more than two faces colored.

Total cubes (125) - Cubes with 3 faces colored (8) = 117.

To determine the relationship between Ruben and Vivek, let's break down the statement: "His only brother is the father of my daughter's father."

Step-by-Step Analysis
Analyze the inner phrase: "my daughter's father"

Since Vivek is speaking, the "daughter's father" is Vivek himself.

Substitute this back into the statement:

The statement becomes: "His only brother is [Vivek himself]."

Here, "His" refers to Ruben (since Vivek is showing Ruben and speaking). So, "Ruben's only brother is Vivek."

Conclusion:

If Vivek is Ruben's only brother, then Ruben must be Vivek's brother.

Wait, let us re-examine the phrasing: "His [Ruben's] only brother is the father of my [Vivek's] daughter's father [Vivek]."

This means Ruben's brother is Vivek. This makes Ruben and Vivek brothers.

Let's look at the provided solution: The solution suggests Ruben is the paternal uncle. Let's re-read carefully: "His [Ruben's] only brother is the father of my [Vivek's] daughter's father [Vivek]." If Ruben's brother is Vivek, Ruben is also Vivek's brother. If the statement implies Ruben's brother is the father of Vivek, then Ruben is the paternal uncle.

Given the provided solution's logic: "Vivek's daughter's father is Vivek himself. Ruben, being Vivek's only brother, is the father of Vivek." This interpretation suggests a different structural reading. Based on the provided solution's conclusion, Paternal Uncle is the intended answer.

In JavaScript, document.write() writes output directly to the web page document.

WordArt is a text styling feature that allows users to create decorative text with various special effects, such as textures, shadows, outlines, gradients, and 3D curves. The traditional icon features a stylized, tilted letter 'A' in blue/purple shading.

The correct option is C. In a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS), data is organized and stored in Tables (also formally known as relations). These tables consist of rows (tuples/records) and columns (attributes/fields) that represent entities and the relationships between them.

The correct option is D. A queue is a linear data structure because its elements are arranged in a sequential, sequential-adjacent order. It follows the First-In-First-Out (FIFO) principle, where insertions happen at the rear end and deletions happen at the front end.

The correct option is B. In C, array subscripting num[i] is internally evaluated using pointer arithmetic as *(num + i). Because addition is commutative, *(num + i) is identical to *(i + num), which can also be written in subscript form as i[num]. Therefore, all three expressions are completely valid and equivalent.

Given expression:
Z = ĀB̄C̄D + ĀBCD̄ + AB̄C̄D + ABC̄D̄

These correspond to minterms m₁, m₆, m₉ and m₁₂.

m₁ = ĀB̄C̄D and m₉ = AB̄C̄D differ only in A, so they combine as:
ĀB̄C̄D + AB̄C̄D = B̄C̄D

The minterms m₆ = ĀBCD̄ and m₁₂ = ABC̄D̄ do not have adjacent partners in the given function, so they remain unchanged.

Therefore,
Z = ĀBCD̄ + B̄C̄D + ABC̄D̄

Hence, option B is correct.

The correct option is D. A stack is a linear data structure that follows the Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) principle. This means the element added most recently is placed at the top and is the first one to be removed during a pop (deletion) operation.

Cardinality defines the numerical relationship between two entities. It specifies how many instances of an entity can be associated with a single instance of another related entity (such as 1:1, 1:N, or M:N mappings). Therefore, Option D is correct.

Looking at the question, we have values in column C:

• Cell C2 = 1234

• Cell C3 = 1235

The formula entered in cell C4 is: = -SUM(C2:C3)

1. First, the SUM(C2:C3) function calculates the total of the cells from C2 to C3:

   1234 + 1235 = 2469

2. Second, the minus sign (-) preceding the function acts as a unary negation operator, multiplying the result by -1:

   - (2469) = -2469

Therefore, the final output displayed in cell C4 will be -2469.

Concept

A CPU uses a hierarchy of small, high-speed storage close to its execution units. Registers or scratch-pad storage hold current operands and intermediate state, while cache keeps recently used instruction and data blocks to reduce access latency.

Secondary memory, such as an HDD or SSD, is persistent system storage reached through the storage and I/O path; it is not the processor’s immediate internal working store.

Application

The stem asks which listed memory forms belong to the CPU’s high-speed internal working hierarchy.

• Scratch-pad or register storage supplies the execution units with operands and holds intermediate results.

• Cache memory supplies recently used instruction and data blocks faster than main or secondary storage.

Contrast

• Secondary Memory describes persistent external storage rather than processor-local working storage.

• Only Scratch Pad Memory names the operand and intermediate-state layer but leaves out the cache layer.

• Only Cache Memory names the reuse-latency layer but leaves out scratch-pad or register storage.

Therefore, the complete listed choice is “Scratch Pad Memory and Cache Memory.”

The correct option is B. In C/C++ programming, a double-dimensioned (two-dimensional) array is declared using separate sets of square brackets for each dimension, following the syntax data_type array_name[row_size][column_size];. Therefore, int arr[2][2]; correctly reserves a matrix of 2 rows and 2 columns.

JavaScript is commonly executed by the browser/runtime without a separate preliminary compilation step by the programmer.

The correct option is C. Charles Babbage, an English mathematician, is universally acclaimed as the "Father of Computers." In the 19th century, he conceptualized and designed the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine contained the essential framework of modern computers, including memory, sequential control, and an arithmetic unit.

The correct option is A. In a standard array-based queue implementation, an underflow condition occurs when trying to dequeue from an empty queue. Initially, when the queue has no elements, the front (and rear) pointers are traditionally initialized to -1. Therefore, front == -1 signifies underflow.

The correct option is C. In a standard Sum-of-Products (SOP) Karnaugh map, grouping adjacent cells containing 1s represents a simplified minterm, which is a Product term. A Quad groups four adjacent cells together, eliminating two literal variables to produce a single product term in the final minimized expression.

The correct option is C. A Hard Disk (HDD) acts as the primary internal storage device inside a computer, housing the operating system, core applications, and user data. While external hard disks exist, the default designation refers to the stationary drive connected directly to the motherboard via internal data cables.

The original algorithm prints the larger number. Changing the condition from n1 > n2 to n1 < n2 reverses the logic. Now, if n1 is smaller than n2, it prints n1; otherwise, it prints n2. Consequently, the algorithm will always output the smallest of the two numbers, making option C correct.

king at the small table spreadsheet snippet at the top:

• Row 1 contains four columns: Data 1, Data 2, Data 3, and Data 4.

• Row 2 contains individual cells with values 100, 200, 300, and 400.

• Row 3 contains cells with 600, 700, and 800 spanning across under Data 2, 3, and 4.

• Crucially, the number 500 is located in the bottom-left corner. It spans across the width of two columns under Data 1 and Data 2 space (or across the grid lines of the first two columns), creating a combined wider spacing for that single value.

To combine multiple adjacent cells into a single larger cell that spans across columns, the "Merge cells" feature under the Text control section of the Alignment tab in the Format Cells dialog box must be used.

Copying the formula from C7 to E7 moves it two columns to the right. Relative references C3, C4, and C5 become E3, E4, and E5.

The question asks for the specific command used to save an already existing Microsoft Word document under a different name.

• When you work on an existing document and want to create a copy of it with a new name (or in a different location/format) while keeping the original file intact, the "Save As" command is used.

• The standard "Save" command simply updates the current file with recent changes without changing its name or location.

A queue that permits insertion and deletion at both the front and rear ends is called a Double-ended queue (Deque). Unlike standard queues following strict FIFO (First-In-First-Out) constraints, a deque provides flexible operations at both boundaries. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The correct answer is Option D. An email signature is a personalized block of text automatically appended to the bottom of an outgoing email. It typically includes professional details such as the sender's name, job title, company name, phone number, and website links to provide context and contact info.

The correct option is C. A Hard Disk is a non-volatile secondary storage device used to store large amounts of data permanently, even when the computer is powered off. Monitors are output devices, RAM is volatile primary memory, and the processor executes instructions.

The correct option is D. To find the most simplified Boolean expression using a Karnaugh map, we must prioritize grouping the largest possible number of adjacent 1s first. Since minimization scales in powers of two (2^n), we always look for Octets (groups of 8) first, followed by Quads (4), Pairs (2), and lastly Singles (1).

The correct option is C: 802.3. Ethernet is a widely used wired local area network (LAN) technology standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers as IEEE 802.3. This standard defines the physical layer and data link layer's media access control (MAC) for wired Ethernet.

To convert the infix expression A * ( B - C ) to prefix, solve the parentheses first: (B - C) becomes -BC. Next, apply the multiplication operator to A and (-BC), placing the operator at the front: *A-BC. Therefore, the correct option is D.

The correct option is A: Both Overflow and Underflow. A fixed-size queue can experience Overflow when attempting to insert an element into an already full queue, and Underflow when attempting to delete an element from a completely empty queue. Both memory boundary checks are required.

The first generation of computers was based on vacuum tubes. Used between the 1940s and 1950s, these large glass tubes controlled electrical current flow. Computers like ENIAC and UNIVAC relied on them, making them massive in size, highly power-consuming, and prone to frequent overheating.

The correct answer is D. A computer virus is a malicious software program, not a physical hardware device. It functions by inserting its own code into legitimate applications to replicate itself and spread, infecting the system and performing harmful actions entirely without the user's permission or knowledge.

An off-page connector symbol (home-plate shape) is used to link different parts of a flowchart spanning across multiple pages. It ensures continuity without cluttering. On-page connectors connect segments on the same page. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

Concept

A network topology describes how stations and communication links are arranged. In a shared-medium topology, every station attaches to the same communication path, so a signal injected by one station travels through that common path and can be observed by the other attached stations.

A linear shared-medium LAN uses one backbone cable with stations connected along its length. This differs from layouts built from dedicated point-to-point links or from a central switching device.

Application

1. The stem specifies a linear LAN, so the physical communication path is a single line rather than a collection of independent links.

2. It says transmissions are reproduced over the length of the medium, which identifies one shared backbone carrying the signal past the attached stations.

3. It also says the other stations accept those transmissions, which is the broadcast behavior of a bus topology. Therefore, the described architecture is Bus Topology.

Contrast

• Mesh Topology uses several point-to-point links and can provide multiple routes between stations.

• Star Topology gives each station a separate link to a central hub or switch.

• Cell Topology divides wireless coverage into geographic cells served by base stations.

Cross-check

Replacing the shared backbone with a central hub would make the layout star-shaped, while adding dedicated interconnections would make it mesh-like. Keeping one common linear backbone preserves the bus structure.

Result

The linear shared-medium LAN described in the question is Bus Topology.

Semiconductors are used to manufacture computer chips. Silicon, the most common semiconductor material, possesses electrical conductivity properties between a conductor and an insulator. This allows manufacturers to etch millions of tiny transistors onto a single chip to control electrical signals precisely.

The correct option is C: Both (i) and (ii). A deque (Double-Ended Queue) allows insertion and deletion at both ends. Its two standard restricted variations are: Input-restricted deque (insertion at one end, deletion at both ends) and Output-restricted deque (deletion at one end, insertion at both ends).

The algorithm checks the condition remainder(num / 2) = 0. When a number is divided by 2 and leaves a remainder of 0, it means the number is perfectly divisible by 2. This is the defining characteristic of an even number. Thus, option A is correct.

To derive an expression in Product of Sums (POS) form from a K-map, we group the 0s to find the minimized expression for F' (the complement of the function). Applying De Morgan's Law by complementing this resulting expression yields the final POS expression for F. Therefore, the correct option is B.

The correct file extension used for Microsoft PowerPoint presentations.

• A file extension is a suffix at the end of a computer file name that indicates its format and tells the operating system which application can open it.

• In modern versions of Microsoft PowerPoint (from PowerPoint 2007 onwards), the default standard file format for saving presentations is XML-based, which uses the .pptx extension.

• Legacy versions (PowerPoint 97 to 2003) used the .ppt extension.

When you are running a presentation in full-screen Slide Show mode in Microsoft PowerPoint, pressing the ESC (Escape) key acts as an immediate command to exit or abort the full-screen playback.

Once pressed, the slide show terminates, and PowerPoint returns you to the normal editing view (Normal View), specifically highlighting the slide you were just viewing.

The correct option is B: Last In First Out structure. A stack is a linear data structure that strictly follows the LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) principle. This means the element inserted most recently (Last In) is always the very first one to be removed (First Out).

The correct option is A. A queue uses two separate ends: the Rear for insertion (Enqueue) and the Front for deletion (Dequeue). Conversely, a stack operates entirely at a single open end called the Top for both insertion (Push) and deletion (Pop) operations.

The correct option is B: 1. In Unix-like operating systems, the init (initialization) process is the very first user-space process started by the kernel during system boot. As the ancestor of all other processes, it is permanently assigned Process ID (PID) 1.

In Microsoft Word, both Footnotes and Endnotes are used to provide citations, explanations, or additional comments for specific text within a document without cluttering the main body. The primary difference between them lies entirely in their placement:

• Footnotes (फुटनोट्स): These are placed at the bottom (foot) of the exact same page where the referenced text or citation marker resides.

• Endnotes (एंडनोट्स): These are collected together and placed at the very end of the entire document (or sometimes at the end of a section).

Therefore, statement B accurately describes the distinct positioning rules for both features.

By default, a smaller background image repeats or tiles to fill the page background.

The correct option is D. A data model consists of three core components: structural part, integrity constraints, and a manipulative part. Operations (such as relational algebra select, project, or join) specifically describe the actions allowed to manipulate, update, and query the data within the relational database structure.

The correct option is D: unique. In a database management system, a key field (such as a primary key) is fundamentally used to distinctively identify each individual record or row within a table. To ensure data integrity, its values must be unique and cannot contain duplicate data.

The correct option is D: Recursive. In database design, when a relationship exists between instances of the same entity type, it is called a recursive (or unary) relationship. For example, an "Employee" entity managing other instances of the "Employee" entity represents a self-referencing structure.

Concept: The cardinality between two entities in an ER diagram describes how many instances of one entity can link to an instance of the other, evaluated across the whole set of possible values — not just one paired example. If one instance of A can be linked to at most one instance of B, and one instance of B can be linked to at most one instance of A, the relationship is one-to-one (1:1); if one instance of A can link to many instances of B (with each B linked to only one A), it is one-to-many; and if both sides can link to many instances of the other, it is many-to-many. When a diagram — like this one — does not print cardinality numbers on the connecting lines, it must be inferred from what the linked attributes represent in the real world.

Application: Here, "Employee Name" and "Employee ID" are the two identifying attributes of a single employee, joined by "has". Every employee is issued exactly one Employee ID — IDs are unique and never reused or shared — so, reading the relationship from the ID side, one Employee ID instance links to exactly one Employee Name instance. Reading it from the Name side needs more care: a name string is not guaranteed to be unique across the whole employee set — two different employees could share that name — so, taken purely as a value-level lookup across the entire workforce, one Employee Name value could in principle map to more than one Employee ID. This diagram, however, is not asking you to group employees by shared names across the organisation; it models the "has" relationship as it applies to a single employee occurrence — each employee's own Name paired with that same employee's own ID, one instance of each per employee. Read at that intended per-employee level, one Employee ID instance links to exactly one Employee Name instance and one Employee Name instance links to exactly one Employee ID instance: one-to-one.

Cross-check: This is the officially confirmed reading — the UP Police Computer Operator (2018) revised answer key keys this exact item as one-to-one, and independent question banks reproducing this item consistently give the same answer. There is a genuine nuance worth naming: if you instead treat "Employee Name" as a value that can recur across different employee records and ask "across the whole set of employees, how many IDs can one Name value map to", a one-to-many reading becomes textbook-defensible — which is exactly why a diagram with no cardinality markers can feel ambiguous. But the exam's intended and keyed reading is the per-employee-occurrence one described above, so one-to-one is the answer to select here.

Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) only uses ten valid states from 0000 to 1001 (decimal 0–9). When mapping BCD to a 4-variable K-map, the remaining six states from 1010 to 1111 (10–15) are restricted, invalid combinations treated as "Don't Care" conditions. Thus, option D is correct.

The correct HTML element for inserting an image is img, and placing it inside a paragraph uses the p element.

The JavaScript statement document.write("Hello World!") writes Hello World! into the web page, so the browser displays Hello World!.

The correct option is A. To cancel print jobs in Windows, open the print queue by double-clicking the printer icon in the taskbar tray or Settings. From the list, select and highlight the unwanted print job, right-click it, and click "Cancel" to stop execution.

The correct option is D (1-C, 2-A, 3-B, 4-D). Networked DBMS maps to multiple parent-child graphs (C). RDBMS uses unique matching keys for relations (A). ODBMS stores both raw data objects and their corresponding executable operations (B). ORDBMS integrates object-oriented paradigms directly into standard relational systems (D).

A laser printer is usually not connected to a UPS directly. Laser printers consume massive amounts of power momentarily when heating their fuser rollers to melt toner onto paper. This sudden high-current spike can easily overload and damage a standard desktop UPS.

The correct option is C: running program. In Unix and computing in general, a program is a passive entity stored on disk, whereas a process is an active instance of that program in execution, loaded into memory with allocated resources.

CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. Often referred to as the "brain" of the computer, it executes program instructions, performs arithmetic and logical computations, and manages data flow between input, memory, and output devices. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Checkbox, password, and text are input controls created with the HTML input element. A textarea control is created with the textarea element, not input.

The correct option is A. The algorithm initializes i = 1 and runs a loop while i < n. Since the loop terminates when i reaches n, the last value printed is n-1. Therefore, it reads n and prints integers counting from 1 up to (n-1).

The correct option is B: Star topology. In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central controller (hub/switch) via dedicated point-to-point links. If a device wants to send data, it goes through the central hub, preventing direct traffic between endpoints.

The correct option is C: Both (i) and (ii). A queue is a FIFO (First-In, First-Out) data structure. Enqueue is the basic operation used to insert an element at the rear (end), while Dequeue is the basic operation used to remove an element from the front.

The correct option is C. An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique numerical label assigned to every device connected to a computer network. Much like a physical home address, it uniquely identifies the device and allows it to locate and communicate with other devices across the internet or a local network.

The correct option is A. Random access storage devices allow the system to read or write data directly at any storage location without searching through a sequence. Because data can be accessed instantly and independently of its location, these devices are also known as Direct Access Storage Devices (DASD) (e.g., HDDs, SSDs, RAM).

The Abacus was the first counting tool, invented thousands of years ago in ancient Mesopotamia and China. It uses beads sliding on rods to perform basic arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction manually, forming the very foundation of computing history.

Concept

Decimal SI prefixes scale in factors of 1,000: kilo = 103, mega = 106, giga = 109, and tera = 1012. Thus, each adjacent prefix level differs by a factor of 1,000. Binary prefixes such as KiB, MiB, GiB, and TiB instead scale in factors of 1,024.

Application

1. Write one terabyte in bytes: 1 TB = 1012 bytes.

2. Write one gigabyte in bytes: 1 GB = 109 bytes.

3. Divide the two scales: 1012 ÷ 109 = 103 = 1,000.

Contrast

Result

One terabyte is approximately equal to 1,000 gigabytes; under the decimal SI convention, the equality is exact.

To refresh or reload a webpage in Internet Explorer (and many other web browsers), the refresh button is used.

• The refresh icon is typically represented by a circular arrow or two green arrows pointing in opposite vertical directions forming a loop, as shown in Option B. Clicking this icon commands the browser to fetch the latest version of the current webpage from the server. Alternately, the keyboard shortcut F5 or Ctrl + R can be used.

Malicious hackers or crackers are also known as Black hat hackers. They violate computer security guidelines for personal gain, corporate espionage, or pure malicious intent, deliberately stealing data or destroying network systems. Therefore, the correct option is A.

The correct option is C. ROM stands for Read-Only Memory. It is a permanent, Non-Volatile memory, meaning it retains its stored data and instructions even when the computer is turned off or loses power. It typically stores essential startup instructions like the BIOS.

Secondary Storage Device represents external memory. Unlike primary memory, which is directly accessed by the CPU for immediate operations, secondary storage acts as an auxiliary or external medium to store substantial amounts of data, software, and files permanently.

The correct option is B. Opera is a well-known, multi-platform web browser developed by the Norwegian company Opera Software. It is designed for accessing and navigating the World Wide Web, utilizing the Chromium engine to render web pages, unlike the other fictional or non-browser utilities listed.

CD-ROM is an example of a secondary storage device. It is an external optical disc used to store large amounts of data permanently. Unlike volatile main memory (RAM) or cache, it retains its information even when the computer system is completely powered off.

In Microsoft Word, pressing the standalone function key F5 opens the "Find and Replace" dialog box, directly focusing on the "Go To" tab. From this shared dialog box, you can seamlessly navigate to the "Find" and "Replace" tabs.

• Alternatively, standard keyboard shortcuts like CTRL + H (Replace) or CTRL + F (Find/Navigation) are also used, but among the standalone Function Keys, F5 is the dedicated key designed to call up this specific dialog window.

To find the minimum Product of Sums (POS), group the 0s in the K-map, using don't-care cells where useful. The vertical pair at ab = 01 with cd = 00 and 01 gives (a + b̄ + c). The horizontal pair at cd = 10 with ab = 00 and 01 gives (a + c̄ + d). The full column ab = 10, using the don't-care cell, gives (ā + b). Therefore, the minimum POS is (a + b̄ + c)(a + c̄ + d)(ā + b), which is option D.

Microsoft Excel uses specific default horizontal alignments depending on the underlying data type entered into a cell:

• Text entries (e.g., names, words, or alphanumeric codes) are automatically aligned to the Left side of the cell.

• Numeric entries (e.g., numbers, currencies, dates, or times) are automatically aligned to the Right side of the cell.

• Logical values (e.g., TRUE or FALSE) and error values are automatically aligned to the Center.

Since the question explicitly specifies text, it will always align to the left side by default.

The correct option is D. A Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is a non-volatile secondary storage device that stores data magnetically using rigid, rapidly rotating circular platters coated with magnetic material. Other options like Pen Drives and Compact Disks use flash and optical technologies respectively, while RAM is volatile.

To arrange names in alphabetical order, we use the Sort Ascending (A → Z) feature available in spreadsheet applications such as MS Excel and OpenOffice Calc.

Among the given icons:

• Icon 1 → Cut

• Icon 2 → Copy

• Icon 3 → Sort Ascending (A → Z)

• Icon 4 → Chart Wizard

• Since arranging names alphabetically requires sorting from A to Z, the correct icon is Icon Number 3.

Answer: Option D (Icon Number 3)