Which of the following pairs is not true?

Early-20th-century learning psychologists are each identified with one specific, named theory of learning built on stimulus-response (S-R) associations: Thorndike with connectionism/trial-and-error, Skinner with operant conditioning, and Pavlov with classical conditioning. Hull's own theory is a further S-R elaboration (drive-reduction), not a holistic one — "holistic" (Gestalt) accounts of learning, which explain learning through insight and perceiving the whole situation, belong to a different, non-S-R school entirely, associated with theorists such as Köhler and Koffka.

Checking each pairing against its actual theorist:

• Thorndike — stimulus-response (connectionist) theory, developed from trial-and-error experiments with cats escaping puzzle boxes: an accurate pairing.

• B. F. Skinner — operant conditioning theory, developed from reinforcement schedules in the Skinner box: an accurate pairing.

• Pavlov — classical conditioning theory, developed from the salivating-dog experiments: an accurate pairing.

• Hull — actually developed the drive-reduction (systematic behavior) theory, a stimulus-response account, not a holistic one; holistic/Gestalt learning theory belongs to Köhler and Koffka, not Hull: an inaccurate pairing.

Since three of the four pairings match established behaviorist theory-theorist attributions exactly, and Hull's actual contribution (drive-reduction) is a stimulus-response account rather than a holistic one, the Hull-holistic pairing is confirmed as the one that misattributes a theory to its theorist.

The pair "Holistic theory of learning — Hull" is not true.