A teacher observes that Rani has difficulty writing correct spellings, mixes…

Concept: Dysgraphia is a specific learning disability that affects a person's ability to write. It disrupts spelling accuracy, consistent use of uppercase and lowercase letters, and the physical formation of letters, and stems from difficulties in fine motor coordination and orthographic-motor integration rather than from low intelligence or lack of effort.

Application: Rani shows three hallmark signs of dysgraphia: she writes incorrect spellings, she mixes uppercase and lowercase letters within words, and she has trouble forming letters correctly. All three symptoms are specifically about the mechanics of writing, so Rani's difficulty is classified as Dysgraphia.

Contrast with the other terms:

• Dyscalculia is a learning disability that affects number sense and mathematical calculation, such as counting, arithmetic, and working with quantities.

• Dystopia is not a learning disability at all; it is a literary and cinematic term for an imagined, oppressive, or undesirable society.

• Dysphasia is a language disorder that affects the ability to produce or comprehend spoken language, arising from disruption in the brain's language-processing areas.

Cross-check: Since spelling errors, case-mixing, and malformed letters are all specific to the writing process (not to numbers or spoken language), Dysgraphia is confirmed as the correct classification.