According to whom the term learning covers every modification in behaviour to…

Concept: Educational psychologists have proposed several formal definitions of "learning," each built around a different emphasis — some frame it as behavioural adaptation to the environment, others as the acquisition of habits and knowledge, or as a reinforcement-driven change in response strength. Identifying who authored a specific quoted definition means matching its exact framing to the theorist on record for that formulation.

Application: The stem’s definition centers on two markers — a "modification in behaviour" and doing so "to meet environmental requirements," i.e. behaviour changing as a functional, adaptive response to the surrounding environment. This adaptive-modification framing is the definition on record for Gardner Murphy, an American psychologist whose broader work situated behavioural change within an individual’s ongoing adjustment to the physical and social environment.

Cross-check: Comparing the framing used by each named psychologist confirms the match:

• Henry P. Smith’s formulation centers on the acquisition or alteration of response tendencies through direct practice, not on environmental-requirement fulfilment as the defining purpose.

• Crow and Crow’s definition foregrounds the acquisition of habits, knowledge, and attitudes needed to adjust to new situations — a habit/knowledge-acquisition framing rather than a behaviour-modification-for-environmental-fit framing.

• B.F. Skinner’s account of learning is built on reinforcement-driven strengthening of responses (operant conditioning) — a conditioning-mechanism account rather than a general adaptive-modification statement.

Result: the adaptive, environment-fit framing of the quoted definition matches the formulation on record for Gardner Murphy.