When inference is based not on causation but on uniformity of co-existence, as…

Concept

In Nyāya, anumāna can be classified by the relation linking the observed sign to what is inferred.

Pūrvavat and Śeṣavat use a cause–effect direction, whereas Sāmānyatodṛṣṭa rests on regular association or co-existence without treating either feature as the cause of the other.

Application

The example moves from horns to cloven hoofs. These are co-existing animal features; the inference does not proceed from a cause to its effect or from an effect back to its cause.

Contrast

• Pūrvavat Anumāna infers an unobserved effect from an observed cause, such as future rain from dark clouds.

• Śeṣavat Anumāna infers an unobserved cause from an observed effect, such as past rain from a swollen muddy river.

• Pakṣadharmatā is the condition that the reason or sign is present in the subject under consideration; it is not a type in this threefold causal-relation classification.

Cross-check

The stated link is regular co-existence and is explicitly not causation, so it fits Sāmānyatodṛṣṭa.

Result

Therefore, the answer is Sāmānyatodṛṣṭa.