According to the Naiyāyikas, upanaya in parārthānumāna refers to:
2024
According to the Naiyāyikas, upanaya in parārthānumāna refers to:
Answer: A. Statement of the presence of the ‘mark’ in the case in question — CONCEPT A five-member Nyāya inference for another person (parārthānumāna) proceeds through pratijñā (thesis), hetu (reason), udāharaṇa (universal relation…
- A.
Statement of the presence of the ‘mark’ in the case in question
- B.
Statement of the universal proposition along with an instance
- C.
Statement of the proposition to be proved
- D.
Statement of the reason.
Show answer & explanation
Correct answer: A
CONCEPT
A five-member Nyāya inference for another person (parārthānumāna) proceeds through pratijñā (thesis), hetu (reason), udāharaṇa (universal relation with an example), upanaya (application), and nigamana (conclusion). Upanaya applies the established universal relation to the subject under consideration (pakṣa) by affirming that the inferential mark occurs in that case.
APPLICATION
Here, the phrase ‘the inferential mark is present in the case under consideration’ applies the mark to the pakṣa. It therefore expresses upanaya.
CONTRAST
The universal proposition together with an example describes udāharaṇa.
The proposition to be proved describes pratijñā.
The statement of the reason describes hetu.
CROSS-CHECK
The standard sequence places upanaya after the universal relation and its example, and before the concluding restatement. Thus, the statement that the inferential mark is present in the case under consideration is the required description.
Result: Upanaya is the statement that the inferential mark is present in the case under consideration.