Given below are two statements: Statement I: According to Nyaya philosophy,…
2023
Given below are two statements:
Statement I: According to Nyaya philosophy, the middle term (hetu or linga) must be found in the minor term (paksa) in a case of inference.
Statement II: According to Nyaya philosophy the middle term should not be found anywhere where Sadhya or major term is not found.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
Answer: A. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct — CONCEPTIn Nyāya inference, a valid hetu links the inferential subject (pakṣa) with the property to be proved (sādhya) through invariant concomitance (vyāpti).…
- A.
Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
- B.
Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
- C.
Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
- D.
Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
Show answer & explanation
Correct answer: A
CONCEPT
In Nyāya inference, a valid hetu links the inferential subject (pakṣa) with the property to be proved (sādhya) through invariant concomitance (vyāpti). Two locus tests are central: the hetu occurs in the pakṣa, and it is absent in negative instances where the sādhya is absent.
APPLICATION
Statement I expresses pakṣadharmatā: the hetu must be present in the pakṣa. Statement II expresses vipakṣāsattva: the hetu must be absent from every vipakṣa, a locus where the sādhya is absent.
CONTRAST
Both statements correct: recognises both pakṣadharmatā and vipakṣāsattva.
Both statements incorrect: rejects both recognised tests of a valid hetu.
Statement I correct, Statement II incorrect: retains pakṣadharmatā but drops vipakṣāsattva.
Statement I incorrect, Statement II correct: drops pakṣadharmatā but retains vipakṣāsattva.
CROSS-CHECK
For the standard smoke–fire inference, smoke must be observed on the hill (pakṣa), and smoke must be absent from fireless loci (vipakṣa). This independently instantiates both rules.
RESULT
Therefore, both Statement I and Statement II are correct.