Match the LIST-I with LIST-II LIST-I LIST-II A. Ghatikas and Brahmapuris I.…

Concept: In early-medieval India an institution of learning is identified either by the religious community that founded, endowed or was maintained by it, or by the function it performed. The Brahmanical, Jain and Buddhist traditions each had their own technical vocabulary for their establishments, so a matching item of this kind is solved by tracing every term to the tradition it is historically associated with, or to the function it is described as serving, never by guessing from the sound of the word.

Application: Taking each entry of LIST-I in turn:

• Ghatikas and Brahmapuris: a ghatika was a small college of learning attached to a temple, and a brahmapuri was the Brahmin quarter of a town in which such teaching was carried on. Both are described in the sources as small religious centres of learning, which is exactly the functional label offered in LIST-II.

• Agrahara: a revenue-free village or land grant assigned to learned Brahmins for their maintenance, study and teaching. The term itself denotes the grant and the settlement it created rather than a community, but its defining feature is that the beneficiaries were Brahmins, so within this classification it is the entry that goes with the Brahmins.

• Basadis: the Kannada term for a Jain temple-cum-monastery, the characteristic Jain establishment of the Deccan and of Karnataka in particular. It therefore belongs with the Jains.

• Viharas: the Buddhist monastery in which monks lived, studied and taught, the word from which the name Bihar is derived. It therefore belongs with the Buddhists.

Cross-check: Two entries of LIST-I belong to the Brahmanical tradition, so LIST-II deliberately separates them along different axes: Brahmins is a community label and small religious centres of learning is a functional label. The land grant is placed with the beneficiary community that held it, the temple-college with the function it is described as serving, and the two monastic terms with their own faiths. Reading a vihara as Brahmin or a basadi as Buddhist would contradict the settled use of both words, and only one correspondence keeps every entry with its own tradition.

Result: The correspondence that holds throughout is A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II. The NTA official answer key for UGC NET Paper 1 of the December 2024 cycle, examination held on 16 January 2025 in the first shift, records this pairing.