Which of the given formulae should be applied while using audio-visual material?

CONCEPT: Educational technologists describe learning experiences on a continuum from direct, concrete experience to abstract, symbolic understanding, an idea popularised as Edgar Dale's Cone of Experience. As a widely followed pedagogical convention, sound instructional design using audio-visual material moves learners along this continuum in one accepted direction: from concrete, real experience toward abstract, generalised concepts, so that abstraction is built on a base of tangible experience rather than the reverse.

APPLICATION: Applied here, the audio-visual formula that follows this convention is ‘Real to Abstract’ — a teacher first exposes learners to real, tangible material (objects, demonstrations, direct experience) and only afterward leads them toward the abstract, symbolic generalisation that the material illustrates.

CROSS-CHECK — contrast with the other options:

• ‘Abstract to Real’ reverses this order, beginning with abstract or symbolic content before any concrete grounding is provided.

• ‘Both Abstract to Real & Real to Abstract’ describes movement in two opposite directions at once, which does not correspond to a single accepted formula.

• ‘Real’ names only one state (a concrete starting point) and omits the second, abstract stage that a two-part formula requires.

So the sequence that matches the widely accepted real-to-abstract progression of experience is the standard formula.