नैयायिकों के अनुसार जब हम एक पात्र को प्रत्यक्ष देखते हैं, तो हम निम्न में से…

In Nyaya philosophy, inference (Anumana) is structured into five logical steps. Upanaya is the fourth step, known as 'application.' It involves applying the universal rule (vyapti) established in the previous step to the specific case at hand. Therefore, saying "there is smoke on the hill which is necessarily connected with fire" correctly demonstrates the application of the universal fire-smoke relationship to the specific subject, the hill.