The process not needed in Experimental Researches is

Concept: Experimental research is the research method that establishes a cause-and-effect relationship by deliberately manipulating an independent variable, controlling extraneous (confounding) variables, and observing the resulting change in a dependent variable, all under conditions the researcher sets up and regulates.

Application: The item lists four processes and asks which one is not part of that method. Manipulation (varying the independent variable), Controlling (holding other variables constant), and Observation (recording the resulting change) are the three defining operations of the experimental process described above.

Cross-check — what each listed process actually is:

• Observation records the change produced in the dependent variable — one of the three defining operations of the experimental method.

• Manipulation varies the independent variable — one of the three defining operations of the experimental method.

• Controlling holds extraneous variables constant — one of the three defining operations of the experimental method.

• Content Analysis is a technique for systematically analysing the manifest (or latent) content of documents, texts, or recorded communication; it is commonly used in descriptive research, but it is not one of the three defining operations (manipulate, control, observe) required for an experiment, although recorded experimental responses could incidentally be coded using it.

Result: Since Content Analysis is not one of the three defining operations of the experimental method, it is the process not needed for a study to qualify as an experiment.