Which of the following factors must be taken into account in quantitative…

Concept

Quantitative research converts defined constructs into measurable variables and analyses numerical evidence through standardised procedures.

Its major methodological concerns include measurement, testing causal relationships where the design permits, and replication so that findings can be checked across repeated studies.

Application

• Measurement operationalises a construct as numerical observations.

• Causality examines whether a change in one variable produces a change in another, subject to an appropriate design and controls.

• Replication repeats a study or its procedure to test the consistency and generalisability of the findings.

• Statistical analysis is integral to interpreting quantitative data, so excluding it is inconsistent with the method.

• Standardisation improves consistency and comparability; giving it less importance is also inconsistent with the method.

Contrast

• A, B, and C only groups measurement, causality, and replication.

• B, C, and D only includes the exclusion of statistical analysis.

• C, D, and E only includes both exclusion of statistical analysis and reduced importance of standardisation.

• A, C, and D only includes the exclusion of statistical analysis.

Result

Therefore, the appropriate set is A, B, and C only.