Which of the following are the elements of observational learning? A.…

Concept

Observational learning explains how a person learns a behaviour by watching a model. Four mediational processes connect observation to performance: attention, retention, production (or motor reproduction), and motivation.

Attention selects the modelled behaviour; retention stores it symbolically; production converts the stored representation into action; and motivation influences whether the learned action is performed.

Application

Retention (A), attention (B), production (D), and motivation (E) correspond to these four processes. Adaptation (C) is not one of the four named mediational processes in Bandura’s observational-learning account.

Contrast

• A, B, D and E contains all four named processes and excludes adaptation.

• C and E includes adaptation but omits attention, retention, and production.

• A, B, C and E includes adaptation and omits production.

• B and D includes attention and production but omits retention and motivation.

Cross-check

Matching the four processes one by one gives attention, retention, production, and motivation; therefore the required set is A, B, D and E only.