Which Fundamental Duty was added by the 86th Amendment in December 2002?

Part IVA of the Constitution (Article 51A) lists the Fundamental Duties of every citizen. The original ten duties were inserted by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee. The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002 -- the same amendment that inserted Article 21A guaranteeing the Right to Education -- added an eleventh Fundamental Duty through Article 51A(k), obliging every parent or guardian to provide educational opportunities to their child or ward.

1. The 86th Amendment Act, 2002 inserted Article 21A into Part III, making free and compulsory education a Fundamental Right for children aged six to fourteen.

2. To mirror this right as a citizen's duty, Section 4 of the same Amendment Act inserted clause (k) into Article 51A: 'who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to his child, or, as the case may be, ward, between the age of six and fourteen years.'

3. This wording matches the option describing a parent or guardian's duty to provide education to a child or ward between six and fourteen years of age, confirming it as the duty added by the 86th Amendment.

• The duty to protect and improve the natural environment and show compassion for living creatures is Article 51A(g), one of the original ten duties inserted by the 42nd Amendment, 1976 -- more than two decades before the 86th Amendment.

• The duty to strive for excellence in individual and collective activity is Article 51A(j), also part of the original 1976 set, not a later addition.

• The duty to develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform is Article 51A(h), likewise one of the original 1976 duties enacted well before 2002.