Fundamental duties were incorporated in the Constitution on the recommendation…

Fundamental Duties (Part IV-A, Article 51A of the Constitution) were not part of the original 1950 Constitution. They were inserted later by a constitutional amendment, based on the recommendations of a government-appointed review committee constituted during the Emergency to study how constitutional provisions were functioning in practice.

The Swaran Singh Committee was set up in 1976 under the chairmanship of Sardar Swaran Singh. It recommended adding a separate chapter listing the duties of citizens, and its recommendations were implemented through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, which inserted Article 51A, originally prescribing ten Fundamental Duties (an eleventh duty relating to educating children aged 6-14 was added later by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002).

• Shah Commission (1977, Justice J. C. Shah): investigated excesses committed during the 1975-77 Emergency — an inquiry commission, not a body reviewing constitutional provisions for new duties.

• Santhanam Committee (1962-64, K. Santhanam): studied corruption in public administration and led to the creation of the Central Vigilance Commission — unrelated to Fundamental Duties.

• Administrative Reforms Commission (from 1966): examined and recommended reorganisation of the machinery of public administration — a governance-reform body, not linked to the insertion of Article 51A.

Hence, the correct source of the recommendation is the Swaran Singh Committee.