Which of the following should always be regarded as security risks to computer…

Concept

A technology is an inherent security risk when its normal identity or operation is malicious: it is designed to compromise confidentiality, integrity, availability, or user trust.

A legitimate communication or storage technology may have vulnerabilities or be misused, but that possibility alone does not make the technology itself always a threat.

Application

1. Pharming is an attack that corrupts name-resolution or host information so that a user is redirected to a fraudulent site.

2. A virus is self-replicating malicious code that can disrupt a system or alter and destroy data.

3. These mechanisms are threats by definition, so the required set is Pharming and Virus.

Cross-check and contrast

• Chat rooms: a real-time communication service; exposure depends on participants, links, moderation, and use.

• Cookies: browser-stored state or session data; exposure depends on attributes and handling.

• Pharming: corrupts name-resolution or host data to redirect users; deceptive redirection is its normal attack mechanism.

• Virus: self-replicating malicious code; infection, alteration, or disruption is its normal mechanism.

• VoIP: voice communication over Internet Protocol networks; exposure depends on implementation, configuration, and attacks on the service.

Result

Pharming and Virus are the items that should always be regarded as security risks.