In the light of nature of reasoning and argument pick out the incorrect…
2023
In the light of nature of reasoning and argument pick out the incorrect statement(s).
A. An invalid argument can have any combinations of truth or falsity in the premise or conclusion
B. No valid argument can have true premises and a false conclusion
C. Deductive arguments can be 'almost valid'
D. Valid does not mean true.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer: C. C — ConceptDeductive validity is a structural property: an argument is valid exactly when there is no possible case in which all premises are true and the…
- A.
A & B
- B.
B & C
- C.
C
- D.
D
Show answer & explanation
Correct answer: C
Concept
Deductive validity is a structural property: an argument is valid exactly when there is no possible case in which all premises are true and the conclusion is false.
Validity is binary, not a degree. Truth and falsity belong to propositions, whereas validity and invalidity belong to arguments.
Application
The claim about invalid arguments permits every truth-value combination because invalidity does not guarantee truth preservation.
The claim about true premises and a false conclusion states the defining impossibility for a valid argument.
The claim that a deductive argument can be almost valid treats validity as a degree, although deductive validity is all-or-nothing.
The claim distinguishing validity from truth correctly separates a property of arguments from a property of propositions.
Contrast
Pairing the truth-combination claim with the true-premises/false-conclusion test selects two statements consistent with the definitions.
Pairing the true-premises/false-conclusion test with the almost-valid claim mixes a definition-consistent statement with a degree-based claim.
Selecting the validity-versus-truth claim alone identifies a statement consistent with the definitions.
Cross-check and result
Testing every statement against the definition leaves only the claim that deductive arguments can be almost valid as incorrect. Therefore, choose the singleton option containing that claim.