Which of the following statements are included in the inferential process for…

2024

Which of the following statements are included in the inferential process for inferring fire from the perception of smoke as per Nyāya Philosophy?

A. That hill has fire (Pratijñā)
B. Since it has smoke (Hetu)
C. Wherever there is fire, there is smoke, e.g. kitchen (Udāharaṇa)
D. That hill which has smoke, must have fire too (Upanaya)
E. Therefore the hill has fire (Nigamana)

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

  1. A.

    A, B and C only

  2. B.

    A, B, D and E only

  3. C.

    C, D and E only

  4. D.

    A and B only

Attempted by 9 students.

Show answer & explanation

Correct answer: B

Nyāya inference consists of five steps:
Pratijñā, Hetu, Udāharaṇa, Upanaya, Nigamana.

All given statements A, B, C, D, and E correctly represent these five steps.

However, since “all five” is not directly given, we check the closest complete logical sequence among options.
Option A, B, D and E includes the main inferential steps (excluding example).

Answer: A, B, D and E only

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