Which of the following arguments is fallacious according to the Classical…
2025
Which of the following arguments is fallacious according to the Classical Indian School of Logic (Nyāya) because it is based on conditional (sopādhika) concomitance (vyāpti)?
- A.
Sound is eternal because it is audible.
- B.
Fire is cold because it is a substance.
- C.
All things are non-eternal because they are knowable.
- D.
Wherever there is fire there is smoke.
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Correct answer: C
According to Nyāya logic, a valid inference depends on unconditional concomitance (nirupadhika vyāpti). Conditional concomitance (sopādhika vyāpti) is considered fallacious because the middle term's connection to the major term relies on specific conditions. Option 2 presents an argument based on such conditional concomitance, making it the fallacious choice. Option 3 describes the fire-smoke relationship, which is the standard example of valid unconditional concomitance.