Which among the following is correct about inference and its kinds?

Concept. Logic applies two different appraisal vocabularies to two different kinds of object. A proposition is a single statement, and the only appraisal it carries is truth: it is true or false. An argument is a set of premises offered in support of a conclusion; an argument is never called true or false, because what is judged is the support relation between premises and conclusion, not a fact about the world.

Which support appraisal applies depends on the kind of inference the argument claims. A deductive argument claims its conclusion follows with necessity, so it is appraised as valid or invalid — valid means the conclusion cannot be false while every premise is true. An inductive argument claims only that its premises make the conclusion probable, so it is appraised in degrees, as strong or weak.

The mapping in one view:

Application. Each offered statement pairs an appraisal vocabulary with an object, so test each pairing against the mapping above.

• "Validity and invalidity does not apply to deductive arguments" — valid/invalid is defined precisely for deductive arguments, because necessity of the conclusion is exactly what validity measures. Denying that link strips the appraisal from the one object it was built for.

• "Deductive arguments are either true or false" — true/false belongs to propositions. An argument as a whole asserts no fact about the world, so it carries no truth value; a deductive argument is valid or invalid.

• "Single propositions are either valid or invalid" — the mirror-image swap. Validity is a property of the inference from premises to conclusion, and a single proposition contains no inference, so it can only be true or false.

• "Inductive arguments are weak or strong" — this keeps each term with its own object. Inductive support comes in degrees rather than all-or-nothing, so strength is precisely the appraisal induction takes.

Cross-check. A one-line memory hook: the appraisal follows the object — statements carry truth, deduction carries validity, induction carries strength. Read each statement and ask whether the term it names still sits with the object that term belongs to; only one of the four keeps that pairing intact.

Result. The correct statement about inference and its kinds is "Inductive arguments are weak or strong".