A programmer wrote this code to count vowels and consonants. It contains…

(i) Bugs in the Given Program

(ii) Correct Program using Single While Loop

text = input("Enter text: ")

vowels = consonants = digits = spaces = 0

i = 0

while i < len(text):

    ch = text[i]

    if ch.lower() in "aeiou":
        vowels += 1

    elif ch.isalpha():
        consonants += 1

    elif ch.isdigit():
        digits += 1

    elif ch.isspace():
        spaces += 1

    i += 1

print("Vowels:", vowels)
print("Consonants:", consonants)
print("Digits:", digits)
print("Spaces:", spaces)

(iii) Program using For Loop and Dictionary

text = "Hello World 2026"

count = {
    "vowels": 0,
    "consonants": 0,
    "digits": 0,
    "spaces": 0
}

for ch in text:

    if ch.lower() in "aeiou":
        count["vowels"] += 1

    elif ch.isalpha():
        count["consonants"] += 1

    elif ch.isdigit():
        count["digits"] += 1

    elif ch.isspace():
        count["spaces"] += 1

print(count)

Output for "Hello World 2026"

Vowels: 3
Consonants: 7
Digits: 4
Spaces: 2

Both programs produce the same output.

(iv) Short-Circuit Evaluation

Short-circuit evaluation means Python stops checking conditions once the final result is known.

Example:

if ch.isalpha() and ch.lower() in "aeiou":

If ch.isalpha() is False, Python will not check the second condition.

This can simplify conditions without using elif.

Example:

if ch.isalpha() and ch.lower() in "aeiou":
    vowels += 1

if ch.isalpha() and ch.lower() not in "aeiou":
    consonants += 1