Indicate which of the following well-formed formulae are valid:

1990

Indicate which of the following well-formed formulae are valid:

  1. A.

    [(P ⇒ Q) ∧ (Q ⇒ R)] ⇒ (P ⇒ R)

  2. B.

    (P ⇒ Q) ⇒ (¬P ⇒ ¬Q)

  3. C.

    (P ∧ (¬P ∨ ¬Q)) ⇒ Q

  4. D.

    (P ⇒ R) ∨ (Q ⇒ R) ⇒ ((P ∨ Q) ⇒ R)

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Correct answer: A

Option A is correct

Reasoning: This is a fundamental law of logic known as the Law of Syllogism (or transitivity of implication). It states that if P implies Q, and Q implies R, then P must imply R.

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