Which of the following is a common type of malware that encrypts data and…

Answer: Ransomware — the type of malware that encrypts data and demands payment for its release.

Explanation: Ransomware encrypts files on a victim's computer or network and then demands a ransom (often in cryptocurrency) in exchange for the decryption key or to prevent data release. Paying the ransom is not a guaranteed way to recover data and can encourage further attacks.

• How ransomware typically works: it gains access via phishing or exploits, encrypts important files or systems, and displays a ransom note with payment instructions.

• Recovery and response: isolate affected machines, restore from verified backups, consult incident response professionals, and report the attack to authorities; avoid paying unless advised by experts.

Prevention tips: keep software and systems updated, use strong email filtering and user training to reduce phishing risk, maintain regular offline backups, and use endpoint protection solutions.

Distinguishing other common malware types:

• Virus: attaches to legitimate files and spreads when those files are executed; not defined by encrypting data for ransom.

• Worm: self-replicates across networks and systems without needing to attach to host files; can cause disruption but does not necessarily encrypt data for ransom.

• Trojan horse: disguises itself as legitimate software to trick users into installing it and can deliver payloads (including ransomware), but the term itself refers to the delivery method rather than the ransom-encrypting behavior.