Consider the following phrase: Statement: All A are B. All B are D. No D is C.…
2024
Consider the following phrase:
Statement:
All A are B.
All B are D.
No D is C.
Conclusions:
I. All A are C.
II. Some A are C
Choose the correct option given below:
- A.
only conclusion I is true.
- B.
only conclusion II is true.
- C.
either conclusion I or conclusion II is true
- D.
neither conclusion I nor conclusion II is true
Show answer & explanation
Correct answer: D
When two universal affirmative premises chain (All X are Y, All Y are Z), the result is All X are Z. If a further premise states No Z is W (Z and W are completely disjoint), then X, being entirely inside Z, cannot share any member with W either, i.e. No X is W follows validly. Once the derived relation between X and W is total exclusion (No X is W), any conclusion asserting some form of inclusion between them, whether All X are W or Some X are W, is invalid, since either would require at least one shared member, which total exclusion rules out.
Chain 'All A are B' and 'All B are D': every A is a B, and every B is a D, so every A is a D.
From 'No D is C', D and C share no members; they are completely disjoint sets.
Since every A lies inside D (step 1) and D lies entirely outside C (step 2), no A can be a C either; 'No A is C' follows validly.
Conclusion I ('All A are C') claims a full inclusion between A and C; this is ruled out since 'No A is C' means zero members are shared, not all.
Conclusion II ('Some A are C') claims even a partial overlap between A and C; this too is ruled out, since 'No A is C' rules out even one shared member.
Both conclusions fail, so neither conclusion follows from the given statements.
A quick Venn check confirms this: draw D as one circle; C lies entirely outside it (from 'No D is C'). A and B nest fully inside D (from the two 'All' premises), so A's circle sits completely inside D and completely outside C; the two circles (A and C) never touch, consistent with neither an 'all' nor a 'some' relation holding between them.