Arrange the steps of Bandura's social learning theory in sequence: (a)…

Bandura's Social Cognitive (Social Learning) Theory describes observational learning through four sub-processes that are conventionally presented, taught, and tested in this fixed order: Attention (perceiving a model's behaviour), Retention (encoding and remembering it), Reproduction (converting the retained memory into the learner's own motor action), and Motivation (reinforcement/incentive processes governing whether the already-reproduced behaviour is performed and repeated).

Mapping the item's four labelled steps onto these sub-processes:

1. Perception of behaviour is Attention — the model's action is first observed and noticed.

2. Remember of behaviour is Retention — the observed action is encoded and stored in memory.

3. Convert the memory into action is Reproduction — the stored memory is converted into the learner's own motor action.

4. Reinforcement of behaviour is Motivation — in this conventional four-stage account, reinforcement governs whether a behaviour that has already been perceived, retained, and reproduced will be performed again.

Following this conventional account, the order used in this item is Perception, Remember, Convert the memory into action, Reinforcement — that is, (a), (c), (d), (b).

This is the sequence conventionally abbreviated as ARRM (Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation) in educational-psychology material for this theory, and it is confirmed by the official HTET 2024 answer key for this item.

• (b), (a), (c), (d) opens with reinforcement, ahead of the model's behaviour even being perceived — reversing the conventional account's starting point.

• (c), (d), (a), (b) has the behaviour remembered and even converted into action before it is perceived at all — a sequence this conventional account does not support.

• (b), (c), (d), (a) opens with reinforcement and leaves perception for the very end — the reverse of the conventional order.