Which approach best integrates peace education into the curriculum for…

Peace education theory (NCERT's National Focus Group Position Paper on Education for Peace; UNESCO's Recommendation on Education for Peace, Human Rights and Sustainable Development) recommends an infusion or integration model: values are more durably internalised when learners meet and practise them repeatedly, across many subjects and everyday school activities, rather than through an isolated activity or a walled-off block of instruction.

Applying this principle here, weaving peace values into every subject and every school activity gives students continuous, varied, real-context practice across the whole academic year -- exactly the repeated, embedded exposure the infusion model identifies as producing lasting behavioural change.

• An annual rally is a single yearly event: it offers one concentrated occasion rather than the sustained, repeated exposure the infusion model calls for.

• Conflict-resolution workshops address one specific skill set through scheduled sessions, leaving broader value inculcation outside the regular subject curriculum.

• Treating peace education as a separate subject confines it to its own fixed timetable slot, so it does not permeate the teaching of other subjects or daily school life.

Because only the whole-curriculum, whole-activity approach matches the reinforcement pattern that produces durable change, "integrating peace values across all subjects and activities" is the approach that best supports long-term student change, per NCERT and UNESCO peace-education guidance.