Which of the following is an example of exclusion in Indian education?

Concept: In education, "exclusion" means denying a learner access to schooling, or to participation within it, on the ground of some characteristic of that learner — disability, caste, gender, poverty, language or religion. "Inclusion" is its opposite: the school changes itself so that every child is enrolled and taught alongside the others, instead of requiring the child to fit an unchanged school.

Applying the concept: test each practice against that definition — does it shut a group of children out, or does it bring them in? Refusing admission to children with disabilities withholds enrolment itself because of the child’s disability, so those children never enter the school system at all. That is exclusion at its most direct: denial of access on the ground of a learner characteristic.

Contrast with the other practices, each of which brings learners in rather than keeping them out:

• Providing support for students from diverse backgrounds — remedial and bridge classes, mother-tongue support, scholarships — keeps varied learners inside the same classroom, so it widens participation instead of denying it.

• Using varied teaching methods to support all learners is differentiated instruction: one lesson delivered through multi-level tasks, visual aids and peer work so that different paces and abilities are accommodated within the same class.

• Admitting all children regardless of background is open enrolment itself — the very practice that exclusion denies.

Statutory cross-check: Section 3 of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 gives every child aged 6–14 the right to free and compulsory education in a neighbourhood school, and Section 13(1) bars any screening procedure at admission; Section 16 of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016 casts a duty on recognised educational institutions to admit children with disabilities without discrimination. Indian law therefore treats denial of admission on the ground of disability as the excluding practice, while the other three are recognised inclusion measures.

Result: refusing admission to children with disabilities is the example of exclusion in Indian education.