Groups with advanced ideology functioned in the air as they did not fit in with

Concept

In literal reading comprehension, the answer must follow the passage’s explicit wording and its reference chain. Identify the subject, locate the stated cause, and resolve words such as “those” to the noun phrase they refer to.

Application

1. The subject is “groups with a more advanced ideology.”

2. The passage says that these groups “functioned largely in the air” because they “did not fit in with those conditions.”

3. The immediately preceding sentence says that Gandhi knew how to make the most of “the objective conditions.” Therefore, “those conditions” refers to the objective conditions affecting the masses.

Contrast

• The objective conditions of the masses are the conditions explicitly referred to by “those conditions.”

• Gandhian ideology describes Gandhi’s ideas, whereas the passage contrasts Gandhi with the advanced-ideology groups.

• Class consciousness is discussed later as a consequence of mass action, not as the conditions with which these groups failed to fit.

• Differences among the masses are not identified as the cause in the quoted sentence.

Thus, the groups failed to fit in with the objective conditions of the masses.