Which of the following movements was started by M. K. Gandhi?

Concept

A movement is counted as started by a leader when the leader, or an organisation acting under that leader, formally launches the campaign rather than merely supporting it later. For a ‘more than one’ choice, test each named movement separately and count how many satisfy the same criterion.

Application

1. The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in 1920 under Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership as a nationwide programme of non-violent withdrawal from British institutions.

2. The Quit India Movement was launched in August 1942 after the All India Congress Committee adopted the resolution in Bombay; Gandhi’s ‘Do or Die’ call opened the mass campaign.

3. The Swadeshi Movement began in 1905 in response to the partition of Bengal, about a decade before Gandhi returned to India and assumed national leadership.

Cross-check / Contrast

• Non-Cooperation and Quit India satisfy the stated origin criterion.

• Swadeshi predates Gandhi’s leadership of the Indian national movement.

Result

Two named movements qualify, so the answer is ‘More than one of the listed movements’.