In which year Satyagraha Movement was started?

Satyagraha ("hold onto truth") is Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy and method of organised nonviolent resistance, combining satya (truth) and agraha (firm insistence) to oppose unjust laws through peaceful civil disobedience rather than violence.

Gandhi conceived this method and first put it into organised mass practice in the Transvaal province of South Africa, leading a campaign against a discriminatory registration measure targeting Indians (the proposed Asiatic Registration Ordinance, later enacted as the "Black Act" in 1907), which would require Indians to carry compulsory registration certificates. This founding campaign is what marks the start of the Satyagraha movement.

• 1913 belongs to a later stage of the same prolonged South African campaign (the mass march phase), not its beginning.

• 1919 corresponds to the Rowlatt Satyagraha in India, a specific and separate later campaign against the Rowlatt Act, distinct from the movement's founding campaign.

• 1921 falls within the Non-Cooperation Movement, launched by Gandhi in 1920 and continuing into 1922, which adopted Satyagraha as its strategy but is a separate, later campaign from the movement's founding one.

The Satyagraha movement began in 1906.