Which of the following movements were launched against multipurpose projects…

Concept

Environmental movements can be classified by the resource-development activity they oppose. Movements against large multipurpose river-valley projects commonly focus on displacement, rehabilitation, ecological loss, and dam safety, whereas forest-conservation movements focus on tree felling and community forest rights.

Application

Apply that distinction to each named movement:

• Narmada Bachao Andolan challenged the Sardar Sarovar and other large-dam projects in the Narmada Valley, especially over displacement, rehabilitation, and environmental impacts.

• Tehri Dam Andolan opposed the Tehri multipurpose dam project, raising concerns about displacement, ecological damage, and safety in a seismically sensitive region.

• Chipko Andolan centred on community resistance to commercial tree felling and the protection of Himalayan forests; it was not a movement against a multipurpose river-valley project.

Cross-check and result

Standard school geography material on water resources identifies both Narmada Bachao Andolan and Tehri Dam Andolan as movements associated with opposition to multipurpose projects. Thus, two of the named movements meet the criterion, so the answer is “More than one of the above.”