The Chipko Movement was strengthened under the leadership of

Concept

A social-environmental movement can use collective, non-violent action to protect natural resources and community livelihoods.

To identify a movement leader, distinguish direct leadership of that movement from participation in a different environmental campaign or an earlier conservation tradition.

Application

The Chipko Movement grew in the Himalayan region through resistance to commercial tree felling. Sunderlal Bahuguna became one of its most prominent Gandhian leaders and helped carry its forest-conservation message to a wider national audience.

Contrast

• Amrita Devi Bishnoi is remembered for the 1730 Khejarli sacrifice associated with the Bishnoi conservation tradition in Rajasthan.

• Medha Patkar is principally associated with the Narmada Bachao Andolan and questions of displacement and large dams.

• Sunderlal Bahuguna is associated with Himalayan forest conservation and the leadership that strengthened the Chipko Movement.

• A multiple-person attribution would require at least two named people to satisfy the same leadership statement.

• A universal exclusion would require every named person to fall outside the leadership statement.

Result

Therefore, the movement was strengthened under the leadership of Sunderlal Bahuguna.