Which of the following is an indirect measure of product ?

Correct answer: All of these

Explanation: An indirect measure describes a product attribute that cannot be measured directly. Instead, such attributes are inferred from other observable, measurable indicators.

• Quality: Assessed indirectly using metrics like defect density, customer complaints, test pass rates, or user satisfaction scores.

• Complexity: Estimated using code or design metrics such as cyclomatic complexity, module size, or coupling, which serve as proxies for inherent complexity.

• Reliability: Determined indirectly from failure-related metrics like mean time between failures (MTBF), failure rate, or uptime percentage.

Because each listed item is an attribute inferred from measurable indicators rather than a direct physical count, the correct choice is that all of them are indirect measures of the product.