Which of the following computing models is not an example of distributed…

Answer: Parallel computing

Explanation: A distributed computing environment involves multiple independent computers (nodes) connected by a network that share work and coordinate to achieve a common goal. Among the listed models, cloud computing, cluster computing, and peer-to-peer computing clearly distribute tasks and resources across multiple machines. Parallel computing, however, emphasizes performing many computations simultaneously and can be implemented on a single shared‑memory machine (such as a multicore processor). Because parallel computing does not necessarily require multiple networked machines, it is the choice that is not inherently a distributed computing environment.

• Cloud computing: Resources and services are provided by many networked servers and data centers, making it distributed.

• Cluster computing: A group of interconnected computers works together and shares tasks, so it is distributed.

• Peer-to-peer computing: Decentralized peers share resources directly across a network, which is inherently distributed.

• Parallel computing: Focuses on simultaneous execution of computations and can run on a single shared‑memory system, so it is not necessarily a distributed environment.

Note: Parallelism and distribution are related but different concepts. Parallel computing can be implemented across distributed systems, but the term 'parallel computing' alone does not imply a distributed environment.