Arrange the following events related to hazardous materials in order of their…
2024
Arrange the following events related to hazardous materials in order of their occurrence starting from oldest to the most recent.
A. BAMAKO Convention
B. Waigani Convention
C. Basel Convention
D. London Convention
E. Rotterdam Convention
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer: B. D, C, A, B, E — Concept: A chronological ordering of multilateral environmental agreements is settled by each treaty's year of adoption — the year its text was finalised and…
- A.
B, D, C, A, E
- B.
D, C, A, B, E
- C.
E, B, C, D, A
- D.
D, C, B, E, A
Show answer & explanation
Correct answer: B
Concept: A chronological ordering of multilateral environmental agreements is settled by each treaty's year of adoption — the year its text was finalised and opened for signature — not by the year any particular country ratified it. The hazardous-materials regime also grew outward in a fixed historical progression: first control of the dumping of wastes at sea, then a global rulebook for the transboundary movement of hazardous waste, then regional import bans built on top of that global rulebook, and finally consent rules for trade in hazardous chemicals. Recognising that progression fixes the sequence even when the exact years are not remembered.
Application: the five instruments named in the list, with their year of adoption and their subject matter.
Instrument (list label) | Adopted | What it governs |
|---|---|---|
London Convention (D) | 1972 | Prevention of marine pollution by dumping of wastes and other matter at sea |
Basel Convention (C) | 1989 | Transboundary movement and disposal of hazardous wastes, worldwide |
Bamako Convention (A) | 1991 | Ban on importing hazardous waste into Africa; regional instrument |
Waigani Convention (B) | 1995 | Ban on importing hazardous and radioactive waste into Pacific Island countries; regional instrument |
Rotterdam Convention (E) | 1998 | Prior Informed Consent for trade in hazardous chemicals and pesticides |
The oldest of the five is the London Convention (D), adopted in 1972; it is the only one of the five that regulates the dumping of wastes at sea rather than the handling of waste on land.
The Basel Convention (C) follows in 1989 — the first global framework governing the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes and their disposal.
The Bamako Convention (A), 1991, comes next: African states adopted it precisely because they considered the controls in Basel too weak, so it cannot historically precede Basel.
The Waigani Convention (B), 1995, applies the same regional-ban model to the Pacific Island countries, four years after Bamako.
The most recent is the Rotterdam Convention (E), 1998, which governs trade in hazardous chemicals and pesticides rather than the disposal of waste.
Reading the five from oldest to most recent therefore gives D, C, A, B, E.
Cross-check: the entry-into-force dates run London 1975, Basel 1992, Bamako 1998, Waigani 2001 and Rotterdam 2004 — the same sequence, so the chronology does not depend on which reading is used. Two traps are worth naming: the 1996 London Protocol is a separate, later instrument and must not be confused with the 1972 London Convention, and the voluntary Prior Informed Consent procedure that operated before 1998 is not the Rotterdam Convention itself.
Result: from oldest to most recent the order is D, C, A, B, E — London, Basel, Bamako, Waigani, Rotterdam.