Sustainable development goals have specific targets to be achieved by

Concept: The UN General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in September 2015, succeeding the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 2000-2015). The Agenda sets out 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 associated targets, framed around an overall implementation horizon within which UN member states commit to achieving them.

Application: The question asks for the year by which the SDG targets are to be achieved as an overall Agenda. While a handful of individual targets carried earlier interim deadlines (for example, several targets under Goals 2, 3, and 14 were set for 2020), the 2030 Agenda derives its name from, and commits UN member states to, the Agenda-level completion horizon: achieving the 17 goals and their 169 targets by 2030. Among the four offered years, only 2030 corresponds to this overall Agenda deadline.

Cross-check: This is corroborated by the predecessor framework's own structure -- the MDGs ran a fifteen-year span from their 2000 adoption to their 2015 target year, and the SDGs mirror that fifteen-year span, running from their 2015 adoption to 2030. Every official UN communication on the Goals, including the UN's own portal at sdgs.un.org/2030agenda, refers to them collectively as the "2030 Agenda," confirming 2030 as the overall target year.