Match each informal fallacy in List I with its category in List II. List I:…

Concept

Informal fallacies are classified by the kind of defect in reasoning: relevance, ambiguity, defective induction, or presumption. The classification depends on the mechanism of the error, not merely on the topic of the argument.

Application

1. False cause infers a causal connection without adequate evidence, so it belongs to defective induction (III).

2. Appeal to emotion substitutes an emotional response for relevant reasons, so it belongs to relevance (I).

3. A complex question embeds an unproved assumption in the question, so it belongs to presumption (IV).

4. The fallacy of composition transfers a property of parts to the whole; this shift is classified under ambiguity (II).

Contrast

• The mapping A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I relocates every fallacy away from its standard category.

• The mapping A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II retains the classifications of false cause and composition but interchanges the categories of appeal to emotion and complex question.

• The mapping A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III retains the classifications of appeal to emotion and complex question but reassigns false cause and composition.

Cross-check

Therefore the required matching is A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II.