Which research approach treats theory as an outcome of the research process?

Concept

The direction between theory and evidence distinguishes deductive and inductive research. Deduction moves from an existing theory to hypotheses and observations, whereas induction moves from observations toward general patterns and theory.

Application

1. The stem places theory after the research observations by calling it an outcome.

2. That direction is observations or findings to theory, which is the inductive sequence.

Contrast

• Deductive approach: theory comes first and guides hypotheses that are tested with data.

• Quantitative approach: this describes numerical data and statistical analysis, not the direction between theory and evidence.

• Cross-sectional approach: this describes when observations are collected, usually at one time, not whether theory precedes or follows them.

Cross-check

Reversing the sequence confirms the distinction: theory to observations is deductive, while observations to theory is inductive.

Result

Therefore, the research approach in which theory is an outcome of research is the inductive approach.