Which of the following are the actions of an ethnographic researcher? (A) He…

Concept

Ethnography studies a social group in its natural setting through sustained engagement.

Its central practices include immersion, participant or direct observation, listening to naturally occurring talk, interviews, field notes, and relevant documents; the researcher combines these sources rather than excluding one by rule.

Application

1. Immersion in the social setting is an ethnographic practice because it helps the researcher understand meanings and routines from within the group context.

2. Avoiding documents is not an ethnographic requirement; documents can supplement observation and interviews as evidence about the group.

3. Observing group members’ behaviour is a core way to record practices as they occur.

4. Listening to participants’ conversations provides naturally occurring language and interaction data.

5. Ethnographers may interview participants, especially when an activity cannot be directly observed, so a blanket refusal to interview is not characteristic of the method.

Contrast

• The combination containing immersion, document avoidance, and behavioural observation includes an exclusion of documentary evidence that ethnography does not require.

• The combination containing document avoidance, behavioural observation, and listening to conversation includes the same unsupported exclusion and also omits immersion.

• The combination containing behavioural observation, listening to conversation, and refusal to interview includes an unsupported restriction on interviews and omits immersion.

Cross-check

The method supports immersion, behavioural observation, and listening to conversation; it does not require blanket exclusion of documents or interviews.

Therefore, choose the combination containing immersion, behavioural observation, and listening to conversation.