When two or more successive footnotes refer to the same work, which of the…
2012
When two or more successive footnotes refer to the same work, which of the following expressions is used?
Answer: A. Ibid. — CONCEPTCitation abbreviations distinguish an immediate repeated reference from a later return to a previously cited work. Ibid. comes from the Latin ibidem,…
- A.
Ibid.
- B.
et al.
- C.
op. cit.
- D.
loc. cit.
Show answer & explanation
Correct answer: A
CONCEPT
Citation abbreviations distinguish an immediate repeated reference from a later return to a previously cited work. Ibid. comes from the Latin ibidem, meaning “in the same place,” and is conventionally used when the immediately preceding note cites the same source.
Other abbreviations serve different purposes, such as shortening a list of authors or referring back to a work or location after an intervening citation.
APPLICATION
The footnotes are successive, so the relevant comparison is with the immediately preceding note.
They refer to the same work, which is the condition represented by Ibid.
Therefore the repeated reference is written as Ibid.; a page number may be added when the cited page changes, subject to the required style.
CONTRAST
Ibid. denotes the same source as the immediately preceding note.
et al. abbreviates additional authors in a multi-author work.
op. cit. refers back to a work cited earlier, typically after another citation has intervened in older note systems.
loc. cit. refers back to the same location or page of an earlier citation in older note systems.
RESULT
The required expression is Ibid.