Directions : Read the following passage and answer the given questions. Japan…

Directions : Read the following passage and answer the given questions.

Japan is grappling with a demographic crisis as it faces the reality of being one of the oldest nations in the world. Recent data shows that more than 10% of Japan’s population is aged 80 or older, while 29% are over the age of 65. This aging population, coupled with a declining birth rate, is putting unprecedented pressure on Japan’s government and economy. Projections estimate that the population could shrink from its current 125 million to around 96 million by 2060. By that time, nearly 40% of the population will be over 65, a demographic scenario unparalleled in modern history.
Recognizing the urgency, the Japanese administration has initiated a quick and lighten movement towards solutions. Policymakers are implementing reforms at an accelerated pace to address the challenges posed by this demographic shift. Key strategies include providing (A) older citizens to participate (B) in the workforce and encouraging (C) incentives for women to remain (D) more actively in the job market. In tandem, efforts to modernize industries are being supported by technological advancements such as robotics and artificial intelligence, which are increasingly used to fill labor gaps in eldercare and manufacturing.
Despite these measures, the situation remains complex. Healthcare and pension costs account for approximately 30% of public expenditure, and sustaining the pension system is becoming increasingly difficult. By 2050, there will be nearly one retiree for every working-age person, a stark contrast to the 1970s when the ratio was 1:4. The administration’s lighten movement also focuses on incentivizing higher birth rates by investing in childcare subsidies, parental leave policies, and family support programs. However, societal preferences for smaller families persist, complicating these efforts.
Culturally, Japan’s historically restrictive stance on immigration continues to slow progress in diversifying the workforce. While immigration reform has been explored, achieving substantial change requires overcoming deep rooted societal resistance.
Japan’s quick and lighten movement reflects a determined approach to tackling this demographic crisis, but the road ahead demands multifaceted solutions and cultural shifts. The country’s experience serves as a global case study, offering lessons for nations facing similar demographic transitions.

Choose the most suitable word which has the similar meaning as “stark” used in the passage.