Which of the following violates the rules of First Normal Form (1NF)?

2025

Which of the following violates the rules of First Normal Form (1NF)?

  1. A.

    A row with a column storing multiple email addresses as a comma-separated list

  2. B.

    A column with NULL values

  3. C.

    A column that stores phone numbers as VARCHAR

  4. D.

    A table with a composite primary key

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Correct answer: A

First Normal Form (1NF) requires that each column in a table must contain atomic (indivisible) values and there should be no repeating groups or multiple values stored in a single column.

A column storing multiple email addresses as a comma-separated list violates 1NF because one field contains multiple values instead of a single atomic value.

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