Which of the following is/are behavioral testing technique(s)? (A) Equivalence…

Correct answer: Equivalence Partitioning, Graph-Based Testing Method, and Boundary Value Analysis.

Why these are behavioral (black-box) techniques:

• Equivalence Partitioning — groups input values into classes expected to be treated the same by the system, so tests target representative values from each class without inspecting code.

• Graph-Based Testing Method — uses a model of system behavior represented as a graph (for example, state or transition graphs) to derive test cases from specifications rather than internal implementation.

• Boundary Value Analysis — focuses on values at and near the edges of input domains, deriving tests from the specification of valid ranges.

Why the other listed techniques are not behavioral:

• Data flow Testing — a structural (white-box) technique that analyzes variable definitions and uses inside the code to select tests.

• Loop Testing — a white-box technique that specifically targets loops in the implementation to check their behavior under various iteration counts.

Takeaway: Behavioral (black-box) techniques derive tests from specifications, input domains, or models of expected behavior; structural (white-box) techniques derive tests from the program's internal code structure.