Modulo design is used to maximize cohesion and minimize coupling. Which of the…

Answer: Encapsulation

Why this is correct: Encapsulation groups related data and the operations that manipulate that data inside a single module and hides the module's internal representation behind a clear interface. This achieves the two goals:

• Maximizes cohesion: By keeping related responsibilities and data together, each module has a focused purpose and the code within the module works closely toward that purpose.

• Minimizes coupling: By hiding implementation details and exposing only necessary interfaces, other modules depend on stable contracts rather than internal representations, reducing inter-module dependencies.

Practical tips to apply encapsulation in module design:

1. Define a small, well-documented public interface for the module.

2. Keep internal data and helper functions private; do not expose implementation details unnecessarily.

3. Assign each module a single, coherent responsibility to increase cohesion.

4. Prefer composition and well-defined interfaces over exposing implementation details or tight inheritance hierarchies that increase coupling.

Summary: Encapsulation enforces module boundaries by hiding internals and exposing a clear interface, which directly increases cohesion within modules and reduces coupling between them.