Modules X and Y operate on the same input and output, then the cohesion is

Answer: Communicational cohesion

Explanation: Communicational cohesion exists when different parts of a module operate on the same input data or contribute to the same output. In this situation, modules X and Y both work on the same input and produce related output, so they are grouped by the data they communicate and share.

• Logical cohesion: Groups different operations that are selected by a control flag; the parts perform related but different functions based on a condition.

• Sequential cohesion: The output of one part is the input to the next (a processing sequence or pipeline).

• Procedural cohesion: Parts are executed in a specific order to complete a task; cohesion comes from the sequence of steps rather than shared data.

Key takeaway: When module parts are grouped because they work on the same data (same input/output), the correct classification is communicational cohesion.