Practice Questions

Duration: 6 min

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Module outline

  1. About Course: About the Course
  2. General Aptitude & Reasoning: Number System, Percentage, Ratio and Proportion (Ratios), Average, Profit and Loss, Simple Interest and Compound Interest, Time and Work, Speed Time and Distance, Mixture and Alligation, Data Interpretation, Algebra, Probability, Permutation and Combination, Venn Diagram, HCF LCM, Divisibility Rules, Age Problems, Pipe and Cistern, Partnership, Linear Algebra, Sequence and Series (Series), Statistics, Powers and Exponents (Surds and Indices), Arithmetic, Mensuration and Geometry, Calculus, Trigonometry, Vectors, Speed Mathematics and Basic Mathematics, Non Verbal Reasoning (Spatial Aptitude) (Spatial Reasoning) (Visual Reasoning), Analogy, Series (Number and Letter Series) (Numerical Relations and Reasoning), Puzzle Solving (Puzzles), Syllogisms, Deductive and Inductive Reasoning (Logical Deduction and Induction) (Prepositional Reasoning), Calendar, Seating Arrangements, Coding Decoding, Blood Relations, Directions (Direction Test), Clock, Analytical Reasoning (Counting Figures Reasoning), Ranking, Order and Sequence, Logical Sequence Of Words, Inequality, Data Sufficiency, Cubes & Dices
  3. Computer Networks & Cybersecurity: Introduction to CN, Data Communication, DLL: Access Control, DLL: Flow Control, DLL: Error Control, DLL: Framing, Data Link Layer - Ethernet, Net Layer: IPv4 & Proto, Net Layer: IP Addressing, Net Layer:Routing Protocol, Transport Layer Services, TL: Congestion & UDP, Application Layer, Hardware Basics, Network Security
  4. Programming, Data Structures & Algorithms: C Fundamentals, Control Flow, Functions, Arrays & Pointers, Storage Classes, Structures & Enums, DMA, Macros, Scoping & File Handling, OOPS with C++, Introduction to DS, Array, Stack, Queue, Linked List, Tree, Graphs, Hashing, Algorithm Analysis, Time Complexity Analysis, Sorting Algorithms, Greedy Algorithms, Dynamic Programming, Minimum Spanning Trees, Shortest Path Algos, Advanced Algorithms
  5. AI, Machine Learning, Big Data & Cloud: Emerging Tech Trends, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data Systems, Approaches to AI, Search Algorithms, Knowledge Representation, Cloud Computing
  6. Digital Logic & Computer Organization: Digital Systems & Boolean Basics, Logic Gates & Hardware, Boolean Expression, Boolean Minimization, Combinational Circuit, Sequential Circuits, Number System, Number Representation, Basics of COA, Floating Point Rep, Cache Memory Organization, Input Output Organisation, Pipelining, Instr Formats & Modes, Register Transfer and Microoperations, Control Unit Design, Programming the Basic Computer
  7. TOC & Compiler: Introduction to TOC, Deterministic FA (DFA), Non-Deterministic FA, Regular Expressions, Grammar, Regular Language Properties, Moore & Mealy Machines, Pushdown Automata & CFG, Turing Machines, Complexity Theory, Intro to Compilers, Lexical Analysis, Grammar & CFG, Syntax Analysis: Top-Down, Syntax Analysis: Bottom-Up, Semantic Analysis & SDT, Intermediate Code Gen, Code Optimization, Run Time Environment
  8. Discrete Mathematics: Set Theory, Relations, Functions, Graph Theory, Group Theory, Propositional and Predicate Logic
  9. Operating System: Introduction to OS, Process Management, CPU Scheduling, Process Synchronization, Threads & Process Creation, Deadlock, Memory Management, Virtual Memory, Disc Scheduling, File Management, Unix OS, Linux OS, Distributed Systems
  10. Software Engineering: Fundamentals of Software Engineering, Software Requirements and Quality Assurance, Software Design, Estimation and Metrics, Software Testing, Software Maintenance and Configuration Management, Object Oriented Technology, HTML Basics, JavaScript-Basics, Java, XML
  11. Database Management System: Basics of DBMS, ER Diagram, Relational Model & Functional Dependencies, Keys & Integrity Constraints, Normalization (1NF - BCNF), Decomposition Properties & 4NF, File Organization & Indexing, Relational Algebra, SQL, Relational Calculus, Transaction Management, Concurrency Control, Database Recovery, Data Warehousing & Mining, Enhanced Data Models, NoSQL
  12. Other Recurring CS Topics: Basics of Computer Graphics, 2-D Geometrical Transforms and Viewing, Multimedia
  13. Live Classes: ISRO Live classes
  14. Full Mock Test:
AI summary & chapters

AI Summary

An AI-generated summary of this video lecture.

The video lecture provides a comprehensive guide on removing left recursion from Context-Free Grammars (CFGs), a fundamental requirement for constructing top-down parsers like recursive descent parsers. The instructor begins with the standard algorithm for immediate left recursion, demonstrating it on a classic arithmetic expression grammar. He then advances to more complex scenarios, including ambiguous grammars and indirect left recursion, illustrating how to substitute non-terminals to expose hidden recursion before applying the elimination technique. The visual board work clearly shows the step-by-step transformation of production rules, making the abstract process concrete for students.

Chapters

  1. 0:00 – 2:00 00:00-02:00

    The instructor introduces a grammar with immediate left recursion: E -> E + T / T, T -> T * F / F, F -> (E) / id. He identifies E -> E + T as the source of left recursion. He applies the standard transformation algorithm: E -> T E' and E' -> + T E' / epsilon. Similarly, he transforms T -> F T' and T' -> * F T' / epsilon, while keeping F -> (E) / id unchanged. This section establishes the foundational method for eliminating immediate left recursion by factoring out the recursive part into a new non-terminal E'. The board clearly displays the original grammar in orange and the transformed grammar in blue. The instructor underlines the recursive part.

  2. 2:00 – 5:00 02:00-05:00

    The lecture progresses to a more ambiguous grammar: E -> E + E / E * E / (E) / id. The instructor rewrites this to remove left recursion, resulting in E -> (E) E' / id E' and E' -> + E E' / * E E' / epsilon. He then tackles another example: R -> R * / R R / (R) / id. He transforms it into R -> (R) R' / id R' and R' -> * R' / R R' / epsilon. Finally, he addresses a list grammar: S -> (L) / a, L -> L, S / S. He transforms L into L -> S L' and L' -> , S L' / epsilon to remove the left recursion in L, ensuring the grammar is no longer left-recursive. The instructor uses underlining to highlight the recursive parts of the productions.

  3. 5:00 – 5:38 05:00-05:38

    The final example involves indirect left recursion: S -> A a B, A -> S A c / a, B -> B a / b. The instructor substitutes S into A, revealing A -> A a B A c / a. He then removes left recursion from A, resulting in A -> a A' and A' -> a B A c A' / epsilon. He then substitutes A back into S. Alternatively, he substitutes A into S to get S -> S A c a B / a a B, then removes left recursion from S, resulting in S -> a a B S' and S' -> A c a B S' / epsilon. He also handles B -> B a / b by transforming it to B -> b B' and B' -> a B' / epsilon. The board shows the substitution process clearly. He underlines the recursive parts.

The lesson systematically builds from simple immediate left recursion to complex indirect cases. By substituting non-terminals, hidden left recursion is exposed and then eliminated using the standard algorithm, ensuring the grammar is suitable for recursive descent parsers. The visual progression on the whiteboard reinforces the logical steps required for each transformation, providing a clear roadmap for students to follow when dealing with similar grammatical structures in their own studies.

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