Let P be a non-deterministic push-down automaton (NPDA) with exactly one…

GATE · 2005 · IT

Let P be a non-deterministic push-down automaton (NPDA) with exactly one state, q, and exactly one symbol, Z, in its stack alphabet. State q is both the starting as well as the accepting state of the PDA. The stack is initialized with one Z before the start of the operation of the PDA. Let the input alphabet of the PDA be Σ. Let L(P) be the language accepted by the PDA by reading a string and reaching its accepting state. Let N(P) be the language accepted by the PDA by reading a string and emptying its stack. Which of the following statements is TRUE?  

  1. A.

    L(P) is necessarily Σ* but N(P) is not necessarily Σ*

  2. B.

    N(P) is necessarily Σ* but L(P) is not necessarily Σ*

  3. C.

    Both L(P) and N(P) are necessarily Σ*

  4. D.

    Neither L(P) nor N(P) are necessarily Σ*

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